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Nanotechnology, involving the development of nanoscaled pharmaceutical delivery devices. The micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, vesicles, Nanogel, nanocrystals, dendrimers, nanotubes and have been used as strategies to deliver conventional pharmaceuticals or substances such as peptides, recombinant proteins, vaccines and nucleotides. Nanocarriers and other colloidal pharmaceutical delivery systems modify many physicochemical properties, thus resulting in changes in the body distribution and other pharmacological processes. These changes can lead to pharmaceutical delivery at specific sites and reduce side effects. Therefore, Nanocarriers can improve the therapeutic efficiency, being excellent carriers for biological molecules, including enzymes, recombinant proteins and nucleic acid. This review discusses different pharmaceutical carrier systems, and their potential and limitations in the field of pharmaceutical technology. Products with these technologies which have been approved by the FDA in different clinical phases and which are on the market will be also discussed.

In this paper, a new algorithm for noise suppression schemes is applied to specific practical problem mainly the suppression of Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) level of the modulated signal. This is a practical situation of modulation which is used in different transceivers schemes such as in Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) or other types of modulation techniques with standard microwave systems. The algorithm is well suited for a modular software radio concept, which we believe, will be more accepted in the future of wireless communication. Further modifications of the scheme necessary for these applications are described, and the results are presented to illustrate performance improvements. A general interpretation of this technique based on multiplying the transmitted data vectors by a generated amplitude matrix (AM) in the transmitter side, and the inverse of amplitude matrix (IAM) in the receiver side algorithm are introduced and discussed. The suggested scheme results are compared with the conventional modem through using BPSK type of modulation. Different gains are obtained from the proposed model relevant with the conventional system in AWGN and flat fading channel, according to the variation of the adjusted parameters.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate current regulatory guidelines for clinical research, drug development and the evolution and reforms in current and evolving practices in the United States, and Canada, with a detailed focus on India’s regulatory reforms and growing market. The United States is the largest pharmaceutical market, and the epicenter of clinical trials and research. Canada is the world’s second largest center of clinical trials and has pioneered many discoveries in diabetes care. India is gaining ground in clinical research with strengths in research, large drug manufacturing capabilities, world class hospital and medical facilities and infrastructure. The proficiencies of researchers in English, good clinical skills, a large population and prevalence of most disease types in India’s are also reasons for its position in clinical research and a favorable destination. India’s regulators have undertaken reforms of regulatory requirements to improve processes and ensure consistency with international standards. The over reliance by the Indian pharmaceutical industry on generics in sustainability and future growth of the industry may be dampened as the inevitable crowded space by international competitors and other manufacturers will likely cause ceding of some market share. Utilizing the immense talents in new drug development may provide new areas of economic opportunities. The promise for developing innovative and next generational products and marketing are immense. Continued investment in quality, discovery, achieving parity with international regulatory standards will expectedly fulfill great expectations and the inarguable tremendous potential India holds. The regulatory affairs and drug development discussion in India is further related to Type 2 Diabetes in India, as the incidence of Type 2 Diabetes is escalating exponentially worldwide and needs urgent therapeutic and management solutions.

Freeze-drying has been developed as a good technique to improve the solubility, dissolution and stability of microparticle. The poor stability and dissolution in an aqueous medium of these systems forms a real barrier against the pharmaceutical use of microparticle and microparticle. This reviews paper suggest about the freeze-drying microparticle and microparticle. It discusses the most important parameters that influence the success of freeze-drying of these fragile systems, and provides an overview of microparticle freeze-drying process and formulation strategies with a focus on the impact of formulation of different particles (nanoparticles and microparticle) and crystals stability.

The conflicts in Somalia seem to be intractable. Despite the many peace processes, it has not been resolved. Somalia had no effective government since 1991. A transitional government backed by Ethiopian troops threw out Islamists from the capital, Mogadishu, in December 2006, but since then Islamist insurgents have carried out almost daily attacks. The effects of these conflicts have been evident with about 20,000 people fleeing fighting in Mogadishu each month. If this trend continues, the government of Somalia will keep performing poorly due to poor conflict management styles they are employing. This study investigated the Roles of governance on conflict management in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study was guided by the following specific objectives that is, accountability affects on conflict management, adherence to rule of law and adherence to code of ethics in conflict management in Mogadishu. This study took descriptive research design. The target population of this study was 300 management staff in Mogadishu administration where a sample size of 60 managers was chosen. 100% of the respondents responded, this implies that all of the respondents managed to respond to the researcher. Most of the respondents 55% were male. Few respondents were female 45%. This implies that the majority of the respondents were men due to societal beliefs that they are more hardworking than women and thus capable in governance issues on conflict management. The study found out that there is significant relationship between governance and conflict management in Mogadishu was accepted. The study also revealed that the adjusted R2 is .453. This implies that there is significant relationship between the governance and conflict management in Mogadishu was accepted meaning there is a relationship. The study concludes that the availability of information is critical to good governance. Access to information and the promotion of procedural rights provide an enabling framework where accountability and improved delivery could enhance institutional changes.

Cellulase is any of the several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria and protozoan that catalyze cellulolytic materials. The aim of the study was chiefly to screen cellulolytic bacteria using different staining reagents. Soil samples were collected from different sites in and outside of Sokoto State University. Cellulase producing bacteria were screened individually by transferring pure cultures of bacteria isolates in CMC agar plates and incubated for 48 hours,. CMC agar plates were flooded with 1 % Congo red and allowed to stand for 15min. at room temperature. One molar NaCl was thoroughly used for counterstaining the plates, and the plates were observed for clear zones around colonies. The same procedure was repeated when CMC plates were flooded with Iodine, Safranin, Crystal violet and lactophenol cotton blue. The result revealed the colonial characterization such as shape, color, size, elevation, and gram reactions were determined for each of the isolates. A Total of 12 isolates were obtained from which 8 showed cellulolytic activities when screened using Congo red on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), agar plates most of them were gram negative rods..The isolates labeled KS1, KS2, KS3, KS4, KS6, and KS7 produced clearance zones when stained with crystal violet, the isolate labeled KS2. KS3, KS4, and KS8 produced clearance zones when stained with lactophenol cotton blue, the isolates KS4, KS6, KS7 and KS8 produced clear zone when stained with iodine while Safranin produced no clear zones when used to stain the CMC agar plates The study revealed that other staining reagents could be used to screen cellulolytic bacteria and this reagents are more readily available.

In this work we have proposed a new mobile based health application on pervasive computing to cater the well being of human life and we designing a new bio-related mobile which is incorporated with an application called AIDS Awareness Application (A.A.A), we call it as “Sharon Mobile” with automatic application for suggesting the AIDS related frequently asked questions. This mobile has two different storage say server side and dB related storage in the mobile database itself. Gender wise searching option is implemented in this AIDS Awareness mobile. We are using heterogeneous data mining and mobile dB features for query searching with WHDM Tool.

In this paper we introduced the modified version of the differential transform method, which is called the projected differential transform method (PDTM) .This method can be easily applied to the initial value problems with less computational work. It can also be applied to solve linear and nonlinear partial differential equations. Firstly, we stated the definition of the projected transform method, and some related theorems. Then some illustrative examples are given, the numerical results of these examples compared with those obtained by the Differential transform method are found to be the same.

Simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric and HPLC methods were developed for the determination of cefquinome sulphate in bulk and dosage forms. The methods were based on the measuring of the first and second derivative at 286nm and 300nm respectively. Regression analysis of Beer's plot showed good correlation (r=0.9997) in a concentration range of 4-12?g/ml. The recovery percentage was 100.1± 0.575% (n=3), which reflected no interference by the suspension excipients. The results obtained by the developed methods for the suspension dosage form were statistically compared with those of a developed HPLC method and evaluated at 95% confidence limits.

Production of Karanja oil methyl ester (biodiesel) from non-edible vegetable oils for diesel substitute is particularly important because of the decreasing trend of economical oil reserves, environmental problems caused due to fossil fuel use and the high price of petroleum products in the international market. Present work reports an optimized protocol for the production of methyl ester through alkaline catalyzed transesterification of Karanja Oil Three principal variables, molar ratio of methanol to oil, amount of catalyst, and reaction temperature affecting the yield of alkaline catalyzed production of methyl ester from Karanja oil were investigated. The methyl ester with best yield and quality was produced with karanja methyl ester at 1:9 mole ratio and 1 wt% of catalyst (NaOH) The rate of transesterification in a batch reactor increased with temperature upto 60 °C the yield was 91%. It was noted that greater or lower the concentration of NaOH or methanol than the optimal values, the reaction either fully occur or lead to soap formation. Physical and chemical properties of Karanja methyl ester are compared to that of petroleum diesel. Pongamia pinnata(karanja) oil to methyl ester conversion determined by GC-MS analysis. The produced methyl ester was found to exhibit fuel properties within the limits prescribed by the American Standards for Testing Material (ASTM) and European EN standards.