Social Studies

Teaching is a noble concept, and it is highly respected in the society. It is a social process that is basically derived from philosophy despite the fact that Philosophy is always confused with a farfetched idea or a metaphysical conceit, however, it is very simple to understand. There is no denying the fact that it is not every body’s cup of tea. Yet everyone has a specific philosophy that determines his course of action in life. In other words, every human being has a philosophy which he has and tries to live with. Teachers are supposed to do some noble work in order to bring societal change to deal with the modern need of the fast changing time. It will simply not be possible unless they possess some noble thoughts. These ides or thoughts are nothing but their philosophy. Philosophy of life can further be categorized into sub philosophies. Philosophy of teaching is one of them. In educational system, many educational philosophers are taught, and each future teacher or practicing teacher has a liking for a particular philosopher or educationist. In sum, philosophy of teaching determines every activity or action of a teacher starting from objectives, discipline, teaching style, management, curriculum, evaluation etc. Teaching of English is perhaps more important than any other subject because it plays the role of international communication, global business, medium of instruction, examination and language of science-technology and medicine. Therefore, the teachers of English language must have social values and incorporate philosophical considerations while teaching the target learners.

Meritocracy values undergrid the ideology of democracy and identifies the core belief that a) individuals can succeed on the basis of their autonomous decisions and actions; b) this success is based upon moral virtue; and c) equal opportunity applies to everyone regardless of origin or social identity. Meritocracy is generally held to be a social system within which individuals earn rewards according to their abilities and efforts.

The aim of the research is to assess the level of awareness of indoor radon gas and its deleterious health effects to the population when accumulated over long periods. 100 questionnaires were distributed among subjects in the study area (Sakumono) out of which 87 were returned. These questionnaires were randomly distributed without recourse to any particular pattern, as the study area was composed of majority elite. The questionnaires sought to elicit information such as; type of house, type of ventilation system practiced, familiarity with radon gas, response to health threats, type of flooring, etc which subjects responded to. 42 out of the 87 respondents were males and 45 were females, which accounted for 48.3% and 51.7% respectively. 82.8% of the respondents had no knowledge of radon gas whereas only about 17.2% responded to having some knowledge of radon gas. By projection, it could be inferred that radon gas awareness in the entire country is shallow, thus this initial survey was intended to extend to cover other parts of the country. Focus group discussions also indicated that, most respondents were concerned about common preventive health behaviours (not smoking, excessive alcohol abuse, cleanliness etc) rather that radon gas preventive attitudes and behaviours. It was therefore concluded that the survey has in a way engendered more concern about health-specific information seeking attitudes among the subjects, not only about radon gas.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, women engaged in small scale farming are believed to produce about 80% of crops used in feeding their families. This study was carried out to determine socio-economic factors influencing level of participation of rural women in crop farming in Kakelo Location, Homa Bay County, Kenya. Levels of participation in crop farming were determined with respect to farming activities in which the respondents participated such as land preparation, planting, weeding, pest and disease control, harvesting and storage. The level of participation was determined on a scale of 0 (“no participation”) to 4 (“full participation.”). The study was done using descriptive cross-sectional design involving stratified cluster sampling method to select participants. A sample size of 288 women among a population of 17 812 in the study area was interviewed using questionnaires. Chi-square test was used to establish association between socioeconomic factors and level of participation. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study found out that only 21.2% of the respondents reported full participation in crop farming. Women with formal employment reported highest level of 41.7% full participation (X2=0.69, P=0.79). Also, acquisition of education, at least up to high school, improved the level of participation of the women in crop farming (X2=32.92, P=0.00). Education and formal employment increased the women’s access to credit and technical information, which improved level of crop farming. Acreage of cultivated farmland did not appear to have any significant association with level of participation in crop farming. The study revealed that out of the 288 respondents, none of them had ever received any agricultural extension service within the location in the last five years. In conclusion, the fact that only 21.2% of the respondents in Kakelo Location, Homa Bay County, Kenya, reported full participation in crop farming indicated dismal contribution by majority women to improvement of household food security. Therefore, it is recommended that more effort should be put into increasing level of rural women participation in crop farming.

The word "Inyenzi”, which is a Kinyawanda word for cockroaches, came into political lexicon in Rwanda following the Revolution of 1959 in that East Central African nation. Following that Revolution, a hitherto politically dominant ethnic fraction of a broadly homogeneous population - the Tutsi, lost its status to an erstwhile dominated group - the Hutu. Consequent upon this scenario, and in order to escape state-sponsored persecution, the Tutsi fanned out in different directions into the countries of the Great Lakes region - Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, DR. Congo. From these countries of asylum, Tutsi refugees began to carry out sporadic raids into Rwanda, in an effort to get even with the authorities, but more ostensibly to forcibly re-enter Rwanda and re-assume its former dominant position. The now dominant Hutu ethnicity responded by referring to them as cockroaches, so as to encourage not just disdain and hatred for them from the larger society, but a murderous pre-disposition, much like the natural human disposition toward cockroaches. It is the extent to which this contextualizes the denial of justice and human dignity that this paper seeks to determine. The paper also evaluates the consequences of this exercise for peace and development in the Great Lakes region of Africa.

This paper reviews the empirical study on Excluded people (Dalit Christians) in Indian Society. Dalit Christian is more painful and humiliating to compare than other communities because of the Caste of the society. Dalits who converted to Christianity did not escape the caste system which has a strongly fixed presence in Indian society. The problem of Dalit has elicited considerable interest in the minds of researchers in recent times. In this study main objectives is to identify the Justice, Social, Economical and Political status of Dalit Christians in Puthukottai District and to suggest a suitable action plan for their sustainable development. Tools for Data Collation In the present study data were both ‘primary’ as well as ‘secondary’ sources. The dates were collected primary sources constituted of the respondent of all age groups and the sample size was study has been drawn by using census method. Total sample selected for the study are 9310 respondents, in this study would used family census method. The researcher was selected four Taluks in Puthukottai District and each four Taluks, ten areas have selected based village, urban, semi – urban in this method were selected areas. Design of the Study here, descriptive design will be used to describe the data. The collected data were analysed with the help of descriptive and simple percentage. The collected data were analyzed to get a better understanding of the Justice, Social, and Economical and Political statues of Dalit Christains in Puthukottai district.

Higher education has enormous potential to promote prosperity in the developing nations. The development of a modern society depends to a large extent on the nature and standard of higher education. This paper is about tracing global links in higher education reforms in all over the world. The paper tries to describe globalization and its general effects which are currently observable across the globe, encompassing nations which are culturally and economically very diverse. It particularly highlights the effects of globalization on higher education reforms, which are competitiveness-driven, finance-driven and equity-driven. Throughout the World, universities change the society and remain the center of change and development. In the context of Pakistan, various Education Commissions were set up so far theoretically emphasized on unlocking potential at all levels of society and creating a pool of highly trained individuals to contribute to the national development. But in practice these universities are weak and need amendment. Dedication of teachers and students can improve the culture of higher education in Pakistan. Initiate to free the universities from the clutches of politics can play a lot of the overall improvement of the higher education. In light of these global higher education reform patterns the paper explores the major educational reforms being pursued in Pakistan since 1947 in higher education. The paper argues that globalization has seriously challenged the national reform policies, which are now becoming more and more globally driven. Rather than out rightly rejecting all global policies, engaging critically with them is the stance of the authors and as the title indicates also, this paper is an attempt to analyze the problems and reforms in higher education system in Pakistan.

This study was an attempt to examine the association among autonomy and motivation of EFL learners’ academic achievement. To obtain the objectives of the present study two different research instruments were administrated. The Autonomy questionnaire and Motivation questionnaire were employed. In order to collect the necessary data, the instruments were given to 120 male and female college students majoring in English translation, teaching and literature at Tehran University who were randomly selected. The analyzed data demonstrated that there are significant positive relationship between autonomy and academic achievement as well as motivation and academic achievement. While the findings of the study also depicted that learners' autonomy did not correlate with motivation significantly. In addition, according to the regression analysis, the scores’ autonomy are better predictors of academic achievement than motivation scores.

The mastery of soft skill is very important among students nowadays, however, the issue on the most effective ways to inculcate this skill has yet been identified. Thus, the purpose of the study is to identify the most dominant channel that is effective to inculcate the skill to help students to embrace it. The objective of the study is to identify settings that are convenient for inculcation of soft skill. There are three different settings identified and researched; the skill could be inculcated through co-curriculum, workshops or in the classroom. The experiment is design to be a descriptive study. Data for the experiment was collected through instruments such as survey forms and interviews. The respondents of the survey were 196 students semester 5 and 6 from ADTEC Malaysia. The outcome of the experiment showed that levels of soft skill development are varied through co-curricular activity, workshops and classroom. From a Paired Sample t-Test that has been carried out, it showed that there is a significant different in level of soft skill development between co-curricular activities and workshops, and between co-curricular and classroom. On the other hand, the outcome of the Paired Sample t-Test does not show any significant difference of soft skill between workshop and class. The findings conclude that the most relevant difference is through workshop and class.

The present study will serve as guide to Understanding the behaviour of consumers while they shop, it will help the marketers to develop market strategies so that they can understand the need of consumers better and give them exactly what they need. The present study focuses on exploring the hedonic or utilitarian consumer behaviour of males. The study was conducted in Jaipur city. The sample size used was 25 samples from two age group i.e. 25-29 and 30-35 years. Out of these 12 males were from age 25-29 years and 13 were from age 30-35 years. The data was gathered from respondents through questionnaire. Respondents were selected using random sample selection method. The study revealed that the respondent’s age is inversely proportional to the hedonic behaviour of the respondent; with the increase in age the hedonic behaviour/trait decreases and utilitarian nature increases. The study reveals that working male are more utilitarian in nature where as non-working are more hedonic in nature. The study further indicates those un-married males are more hedonic as compared to married male.