Social Studies

The word "Inyenzi”, which is a Kinyawanda word for cockroaches, came into political lexicon in Rwanda following the Revolution of 1959 in that East Central African nation. Following that Revolution, a hitherto politically dominant ethnic fraction of a broadly homogeneous population - the Tutsi, lost its status to an erstwhile dominated group - the Hutu. Consequent upon this scenario, and in order to escape state-sponsored persecution, the Tutsi fanned out in different directions into the countries of the Great Lakes region - Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, DR. Congo. From these countries of asylum, Tutsi refugees began to carry out sporadic raids into Rwanda, in an effort to get even with the authorities, but more ostensibly to forcibly re-enter Rwanda and re-assume its former dominant position. The now dominant Hutu ethnicity responded by referring to them as cockroaches, so as to encourage not just disdain and hatred for them from the larger society, but a murderous pre-disposition, much like the natural human disposition toward cockroaches. It is the extent to which this contextualizes the denial of justice and human dignity that this paper seeks to determine. The paper also evaluates the consequences of this exercise for peace and development in the Great Lakes region of Africa.

This paper reviews the empirical study on Excluded people (Dalit Christians) in Indian Society. Dalit Christian is more painful and humiliating to compare than other communities because of the Caste of the society. Dalits who converted to Christianity did not escape the caste system which has a strongly fixed presence in Indian society. The problem of Dalit has elicited considerable interest in the minds of researchers in recent times. In this study main objectives is to identify the Justice, Social, Economical and Political status of Dalit Christians in Puthukottai District and to suggest a suitable action plan for their sustainable development. Tools for Data Collation In the present study data were both ‘primary’ as well as ‘secondary’ sources. The dates were collected primary sources constituted of the respondent of all age groups and the sample size was study has been drawn by using census method. Total sample selected for the study are 9310 respondents, in this study would used family census method. The researcher was selected four Taluks in Puthukottai District and each four Taluks, ten areas have selected based village, urban, semi – urban in this method were selected areas. Design of the Study here, descriptive design will be used to describe the data. The collected data were analysed with the help of descriptive and simple percentage. The collected data were analyzed to get a better understanding of the Justice, Social, and Economical and Political statues of Dalit Christains in Puthukottai district.

Higher education has enormous potential to promote prosperity in the developing nations. The development of a modern society depends to a large extent on the nature and standard of higher education. This paper is about tracing global links in higher education reforms in all over the world. The paper tries to describe globalization and its general effects which are currently observable across the globe, encompassing nations which are culturally and economically very diverse. It particularly highlights the effects of globalization on higher education reforms, which are competitiveness-driven, finance-driven and equity-driven. Throughout the World, universities change the society and remain the center of change and development. In the context of Pakistan, various Education Commissions were set up so far theoretically emphasized on unlocking potential at all levels of society and creating a pool of highly trained individuals to contribute to the national development. But in practice these universities are weak and need amendment. Dedication of teachers and students can improve the culture of higher education in Pakistan. Initiate to free the universities from the clutches of politics can play a lot of the overall improvement of the higher education. In light of these global higher education reform patterns the paper explores the major educational reforms being pursued in Pakistan since 1947 in higher education. The paper argues that globalization has seriously challenged the national reform policies, which are now becoming more and more globally driven. Rather than out rightly rejecting all global policies, engaging critically with them is the stance of the authors and as the title indicates also, this paper is an attempt to analyze the problems and reforms in higher education system in Pakistan.

This study was an attempt to examine the association among autonomy and motivation of EFL learners’ academic achievement. To obtain the objectives of the present study two different research instruments were administrated. The Autonomy questionnaire and Motivation questionnaire were employed. In order to collect the necessary data, the instruments were given to 120 male and female college students majoring in English translation, teaching and literature at Tehran University who were randomly selected. The analyzed data demonstrated that there are significant positive relationship between autonomy and academic achievement as well as motivation and academic achievement. While the findings of the study also depicted that learners' autonomy did not correlate with motivation significantly. In addition, according to the regression analysis, the scores’ autonomy are better predictors of academic achievement than motivation scores.

The mastery of soft skill is very important among students nowadays, however, the issue on the most effective ways to inculcate this skill has yet been identified. Thus, the purpose of the study is to identify the most dominant channel that is effective to inculcate the skill to help students to embrace it. The objective of the study is to identify settings that are convenient for inculcation of soft skill. There are three different settings identified and researched; the skill could be inculcated through co-curriculum, workshops or in the classroom. The experiment is design to be a descriptive study. Data for the experiment was collected through instruments such as survey forms and interviews. The respondents of the survey were 196 students semester 5 and 6 from ADTEC Malaysia. The outcome of the experiment showed that levels of soft skill development are varied through co-curricular activity, workshops and classroom. From a Paired Sample t-Test that has been carried out, it showed that there is a significant different in level of soft skill development between co-curricular activities and workshops, and between co-curricular and classroom. On the other hand, the outcome of the Paired Sample t-Test does not show any significant difference of soft skill between workshop and class. The findings conclude that the most relevant difference is through workshop and class.

The present study will serve as guide to Understanding the behaviour of consumers while they shop, it will help the marketers to develop market strategies so that they can understand the need of consumers better and give them exactly what they need. The present study focuses on exploring the hedonic or utilitarian consumer behaviour of males. The study was conducted in Jaipur city. The sample size used was 25 samples from two age group i.e. 25-29 and 30-35 years. Out of these 12 males were from age 25-29 years and 13 were from age 30-35 years. The data was gathered from respondents through questionnaire. Respondents were selected using random sample selection method. The study revealed that the respondent’s age is inversely proportional to the hedonic behaviour of the respondent; with the increase in age the hedonic behaviour/trait decreases and utilitarian nature increases. The study reveals that working male are more utilitarian in nature where as non-working are more hedonic in nature. The study further indicates those un-married males are more hedonic as compared to married male.

Projects are defined as complex tasks, based on challenging questions or problems, that involve learners in design, problem-solving, decision making, or investigative activities; give learners the opportunity to work relatively autonomously over extended periods of time; and culminate in realistic products or presentations. Within a project-based approach, learners are usually provided with specifications for a desired end product, and the learning process is more oriented to following correct procedures. Teachers act as instructors or coaches, providing expert guidance, feedback and suggestions for better ways to achieve the final product. Past studies have shown the benefits of PBL which include intrinsically motivating learners to learn, fostering problem-solving, and developing independent and cooperative working skills. It is also believed that project based instruction allows learners to develop critical thinking and decision making skills and engage in in-depth learning of subject matter. This paper discusses the importance of Grant’s structures in a project as an Invention Project was assigned to each group of learners. The results, based on the Grant structure, have indicated that learners showed a significant improvement in the areas highlighted in the project-based activity. It is thus, a worthy action to be implemented in teaching and learning processes.

Cavitating flows are highly complicated because it is a rapid phase change phenomenon, which often occurs in the high-speed or rotating fluid machineries. It is well known that the cavitating flows rise up the vibration, the noise and the erosion. Therefore, the research on the cavitating flows is of great interest. Numerical method is highly important approach for studying the cavitating flow. The propeller is the predominant propulsion device used in ships. The performance of propeller is conventionally represented in terms of non-dimensional coefficients, i.e., thrust coefficient (KT), torque coefficient (KQ) and efficiency and their variation with advance coefficients (J). It is difficult to determine the characteristics of a full-size propeller in open water by varying the speed of the advance and the revolution rate over a range and measuring the thrust and torque of the propeller. Therefore, recourse is made to experiments with models of the propeller and the ship in which the thrust and torque of the model propeller can be conveniently measured over a range of speed of advance and revolution rate. Experiments are very expensive and time consuming, so the present paper deals with a complete computational solution for the flow using STAR-CCM+ software. When the operating pressure was lowered below the vapor pressure of surrounding liquid it simulates cavitating condition. In the present work, STAR-CCM+ software is also used to solve advanced phenomena like cavitation of propeller. The simulation results of cavitation and open water characteristics of propeller are compared with experimental predictions, as obtained from literature [1].

The effect of plyometric exercises, to train with weights to gain better record evaluate, and taking into account such things as the specific features of exercise plyometric, which in the short term increase the power and speed of muscle is, and not to get to specific, however, in sports clubs, great importance is given to plyometric exercises, the question arises, do plyometric exercises on land and water, to improve the performance of Taekwondo, is more effective, or common practice Taekwondo performance, effective Trust. This study is quasi-experimental, and the preliminary and final test design (pre-test and post-test), with two experimental and control groups with 24 people. Data, enjoying Spss22, and dependent t-test, were analyzed. Results indicate that all the research hypotheses were confirmed, and the results dependent t-test to check the exercises common of taekwondo and plyometric, water and land-based aerobic capacity Taekwondo, agility Taekwondo, the speed of the Taekwondo, and be anaerobic Taekwondo, respectively, significantly, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000 and 0.001, impacted, and all the means of the experimental group, in all the research hypotheses, more than the control group, and this suggests that the effect of the exercises common taekwondo and plyometric, on land and water, the is all dependent variables.

In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the health seeking behavior of the rural people of Satkhira district. A total of 135questionnaire were distributed and only 90 completed questionnaires were returned. The average income of the respondents was 4644.5 BDT; the most of the respondents had an urgent need of more health education. The monthly income of the respondents influenced major problem to take quality health care for the respondents. Finally, the paper provides some recommendations for the policy makers and planners which may help improve the health status of the day laborer class in Bangladesh.