Physiology and Anatomy

To assess the effectiveness of naturally prepared galactogogue mix on breast milk production and prolactin levels in postnatal mothers. Natural Fenugreek and Garlic based Galactogogue mixes were formulated and standardized. Organoleptic evaluation of the same mixes was also conducted by a ten panel members. Followed by this, 30 mother-infant pairs were assigned into 3 groups. Group I (n=10) consisted of mothers who were receiving galactagogue mix containing fenugreek every day, Group II (n=10) consisted of mothers who were receiving galactagogue mix containing garlic every day and Group 3 (n=10) were assigned as control group. The intervention was carried out for seven days, the baseline and post treatment serum prolactin levels of the mothers were determined using a standard protocol. Organoleptic scores of Garlic galactogogue mix was superior than Fenugreek galactogogue mix attributing to its bitter taste. The mean measured serum prolactin levels of the mothers who received galactagogue mixes were higher than the control group (p<0.05). Galactogogue mixes using natural ingredients especially fenugreek seeds were found be highly acceptable and supplementation of these galactagogue mixes seems to be useful for enhancing breast milk production.

The present study was conducted to determine frequency of contraceptive use and evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of married male towards contraceptive methods at Mithi, Sindh. Cross sectional survey. Taluka Mithi District Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan from May to July 2012. Total 323 cases were included in the study. Data was on a pre tested questionnaire. Study population comprised of married males aged 15-55 years living at Taluka Mithi. Data was entered in SPSS 21.0. Simple frequencies and percentages were calculated. Of 323 number of participants, only 89% (n=287) had the knowledge of contraceptive methods. A number of 34% (n=113) participants responded that they use different method, remaining were not able to respond clearly which may be due to little knowledge. Most of the study participants were of view that using contraceptive methods is the job of female spouses. The present study shows that majority of male do not use contraceptive method. The male behavior reveals that they are not interested in family planning and child spacing as they think it a matter of female.

Urinary bladder cancer is the second most frequent tumour of the genitourinary tract with bladder adenocarcinoma comprising for about 0.2-2% of all malignant bladder tumours. Other primary sites for such tumours include rectum, stomach, endometrium, breast, prostate, seminal vesicles and ovaries. Such non-urothelial bladder tumours with intramural bladder tumour growth may delay the onset of symptoms which may lead to a delay in diagnosis and thereby adversely affecting the prognosis as compared to urothelial bladder tumours. Traditionally bladder adenocarcinomas were believed to be resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but recent advancements have shown encouraging responses with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy.We present here-in a case of primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder highlighting its relative rarity of occurrence and the difficulties encountered in diagnosing primary bladder adenocarcinoma, its management and a review of the literature.

We report the case of a 86-year-old man with previously diagnosed an adenocarcinoma of the right colon with metastasis to the penis. The patient underwent right hemicolectomy with negative margins and completed 12 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with Oxaliplatin and a fluoropyrimidine (FOLFOX IV). Two years later after the surgery, the patient presented tumoral progression and apparition of multiple metastases on liver and peritoneal carcinosis, the patient is since on supportive and palliative care. Few months later the clinical examination showed an indurated lesion of glans penis, whose resection was consistent with metastatic colon adenocarcinoma.

Streptococcus mutans (s. mutans) and Streptococcus sanguis(S.sanguis) are two important bacteria of the oral microflora. S. mutans is the most important cause of dental caries and S. sanguis is one of the major bacteria that play an important role in formation of microbial plaque. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of cigar and cigarette smoke on the growth of streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis. The standard strains of s.mutans (ATCC25175) and sanguis(ATCC10550) were cultured on blood agar and incubated for 48h in different environments: atmospheric air, microaerophillic, carbon dioxide, cigar and three type of cigarette smoke (Winston ,ultralight Winston and kent). Then digital photographs of the colonies were taken and the diameter of the colonies was measured. Data were analyzed using post hoc and general linear model statistical tests. Both cigar and cigarette smoke significantly increased the growth of s.mutans and s.snguis (p=0/000). In almost all environments except cigar smoke, the growth of s.mutans was more than s.sanguis. The diameter of s.mutans colonies in dioxide ,microaerophilic, cigar and cigarette smoke (Winston,ultra light wniston and kent) showed in order: 82%, 65%, 69%, 106%, 92% increase and the diameter of s.sanguis showed in order: 45%, 53%, 137%, 89%, 40%, 55% increase. These findings indicate that cigarette smoke increases the s.mutans/s.sanguis ratio but cigar smoke decreases this ratio.

Pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection are serious and life-threatening conditions which seldom occur concomitantly. We present a rare case of uncomplicated type B aortic dissection associated at the same time to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, in our case, the question arises on the therapeutic decision, since the anticoagulant treatment of venous thromboembolic disease presents a risk of complication of the aortic dissection.

The observation that mother-to-child transmission of HIV can occur through breastfeeding has resulted in policies that recommend avoidance of breastfeeding by HIV infected women under specific circumstances in developing countries. We aim to estimate the present rate of HIV infected mothers who practice exclusive breast feeding in a tertiary level hospital in India. This cross sectional study examined practices of 82 counseled HIV mothers by using structured and open ended questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 18.0 .Our results showed that 58.6% (n=48) of mothers practiced exclusive breast feeding. 24.6% (n =12) of women were concerned about the social repercussions if they did not breast-feed, whereas 16.3% (n=8) stated they could not ensure hygienic food preparation. Breast feeding is the most community accepted feeding practice in India. Due to the lack of hygienic conditions, poor economic status and the risk of social repercussions breast-feeding should be promoted for HIV women.

Chronic non-communicable diseases are the major threat to the health of population in developing countries. Tobacco smoking is one of the preventable underlying factors responsible for this group of diseases. Pakistan faces a higher prevalence of smoking despite the fact that masses are well aware about the ill health effects arising from smoking, thus leading to high unmet need for cessation of smoking. The current community based study on three hundred & twenty subjects looked into the situation unmet need & determinants for higher level of unmet need. The overall prevalence of current smoking in both genders was 49%. There was however no significant relation between gender & smoking (p=0.28). The met need to quit smoking was 21.5% while unmet need to quit smoking was computed as 26.15%. The reasons for not being able to quit smoking were that smokers were of the opinion that they could fully control their smoking habits in future (28.6%; p=0.08), smokers were unaware about smoking cessation services (54.4%; p=0.02), lack of training to health care providers for imparting counseling services (37.2%; p=0.05), the subjects expressed need to establish locally based services with community based smoking cessation advisors (78.6%; p=0.01). The study concluded that in presence of high motivation among smokers to quit smoking, there is urgent need to provide appropriate smoking cessation services to the target population.

Disease progression is a complex process which involves multiple sequential steps leading to cellular changes, altered signaling pathways and metabolic events. Cancer is a very wide spread disease in the world. Among the various types of cancers, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death in gynecological malignancies. Biomarkers are cellular, biochemical, molecular or genetic alterations by which a normal, abnormal or simply biological process can be predicted or monitored. Various Biomarkers like Cancer Antigen 125, HCG, Human Kallikreins, Membrane Tyrosine Kinase Receptors, HE 4 and Mesothelin etc. are used to identify pathological processes before individuals become symptomatic or to identify individuals who are susceptible to cancer.

The implantable port chamber catheters are useful for repeated intravenous treatment, they are placed surgically, percutaneously or radio-guided, they can cause variable complications (infection, thrombosis, malposition, product leakage ...). The occurrence of malposition of the distal portion of the catheter is a rare complication. We report a case of malposition (intra-dural and extra medullary position) whose mechanism have not been determined.