Social Studies

Projects are defined as complex tasks, based on challenging questions or problems, that involve learners in design, problem-solving, decision making, or investigative activities; give learners the opportunity to work relatively autonomously over extended periods of time; and culminate in realistic products or presentations. Within a project-based approach, learners are usually provided with specifications for a desired end product, and the learning process is more oriented to following correct procedures. Teachers act as instructors or coaches, providing expert guidance, feedback and suggestions for better ways to achieve the final product. Past studies have shown the benefits of PBL which include intrinsically motivating learners to learn, fostering problem-solving, and developing independent and cooperative working skills. It is also believed that project based instruction allows learners to develop critical thinking and decision making skills and engage in in-depth learning of subject matter. This paper discusses the importance of Grant’s structures in a project as an Invention Project was assigned to each group of learners. The results, based on the Grant structure, have indicated that learners showed a significant improvement in the areas highlighted in the project-based activity. It is thus, a worthy action to be implemented in teaching and learning processes.

Cavitating flows are highly complicated because it is a rapid phase change phenomenon, which often occurs in the high-speed or rotating fluid machineries. It is well known that the cavitating flows rise up the vibration, the noise and the erosion. Therefore, the research on the cavitating flows is of great interest. Numerical method is highly important approach for studying the cavitating flow. The propeller is the predominant propulsion device used in ships. The performance of propeller is conventionally represented in terms of non-dimensional coefficients, i.e., thrust coefficient (KT), torque coefficient (KQ) and efficiency and their variation with advance coefficients (J). It is difficult to determine the characteristics of a full-size propeller in open water by varying the speed of the advance and the revolution rate over a range and measuring the thrust and torque of the propeller. Therefore, recourse is made to experiments with models of the propeller and the ship in which the thrust and torque of the model propeller can be conveniently measured over a range of speed of advance and revolution rate. Experiments are very expensive and time consuming, so the present paper deals with a complete computational solution for the flow using STAR-CCM+ software. When the operating pressure was lowered below the vapor pressure of surrounding liquid it simulates cavitating condition. In the present work, STAR-CCM+ software is also used to solve advanced phenomena like cavitation of propeller. The simulation results of cavitation and open water characteristics of propeller are compared with experimental predictions, as obtained from literature [1].

The effect of plyometric exercises, to train with weights to gain better record evaluate, and taking into account such things as the specific features of exercise plyometric, which in the short term increase the power and speed of muscle is, and not to get to specific, however, in sports clubs, great importance is given to plyometric exercises, the question arises, do plyometric exercises on land and water, to improve the performance of Taekwondo, is more effective, or common practice Taekwondo performance, effective Trust. This study is quasi-experimental, and the preliminary and final test design (pre-test and post-test), with two experimental and control groups with 24 people. Data, enjoying Spss22, and dependent t-test, were analyzed. Results indicate that all the research hypotheses were confirmed, and the results dependent t-test to check the exercises common of taekwondo and plyometric, water and land-based aerobic capacity Taekwondo, agility Taekwondo, the speed of the Taekwondo, and be anaerobic Taekwondo, respectively, significantly, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000 and 0.001, impacted, and all the means of the experimental group, in all the research hypotheses, more than the control group, and this suggests that the effect of the exercises common taekwondo and plyometric, on land and water, the is all dependent variables.

In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the health seeking behavior of the rural people of Satkhira district. A total of 135questionnaire were distributed and only 90 completed questionnaires were returned. The average income of the respondents was 4644.5 BDT; the most of the respondents had an urgent need of more health education. The monthly income of the respondents influenced major problem to take quality health care for the respondents. Finally, the paper provides some recommendations for the policy makers and planners which may help improve the health status of the day laborer class in Bangladesh.

The centre of concern in the Indian economy these days is the falling value of the Indian currency. Though much is being said about the reasons and the impact a fall in currency will have, little is being presented with clarity. As Lionel Trilling rightly said "We invented money and we use it, yet we cannot understand its laws or control its actions. It has a life of its own." This life blood of the economy is very enigmatic in nature, and more so for the common man. In the global economy that we live in it is essential for the people of the nation to understand the economic implications of money, its fall and its weakening. When he Indian rupee touched a lifetime low of 68.85 against the US dollar on August 28, 2013 RBI had announced a number of measures to take control of the situation, with government requesting not to but gold. All these measures and actions did not yield the desired result. This qualitative research paper aims at presenting the complex matter of the falling value of Indian currency, its reasons and its impact in a simple way to be understood by a layman. The research uses secondary data from various sources. To make the perplexing figures understandable the paper uses flow charts and diagrams.

Communication is an important element in each society. Through communication, people express themselves, their attitudes, their beliefs and opinions. They interact with other people as well. But how well this interaction continues depends on different factors. For example, the way you use language, the choices you make, and the way you express your wants and attitudes all are important and affect your interaction with others. According to Coulmas (2005, p. 84), "speakers make many choices when speaking, including the politeness level of their utterances". Every verbal utterance, as it is an instance of language use, has certain degree of politeness. This article aimed at investigating the reflection of politeness principle and face theory in EFL students' writing in Iran. For this purpose, a sample of 50 undergraduate students learning English as a foreign language, were selected from Hakim Sabzevari University. After administering a standard language proficiency test, a writing task was given to participants to investigate whether this aspect of sociolinguistics is reflected in Iranian writing. After analyzing the papers based on Brown and Levinson (1987) framework, it was found that politeness principle and face theory are reflected in the writing of Iranian EFL learners to a considerable extent.

This study focusses on Sex Reassignment Surgery among transgender women. In Chennai Transgender Women are called as Aravanis. Few of them seek the assistance of Health Care Providers while few others get the assistance from Quacks and rest of them get the sex reassignment surgery done by senior Transgender Women. To explore the method adapted for SRS, reasons of undergoing SRS and the reasons for choosing the particular method. In June 2016, 784 Male to Female Transgender enrolled in the CBO - Thozhi, 275 in Transgender Rights Association (TRA) and 282 in Tamil Nadu Aravanigal Association (THAA). A sample size of 299 was taken. As mixed method was used in depth interviews (9) and three focus group discussion (6 respondents in each group) was conducted to collect data qualitative data. Semi structured Interview Schedule was used for quantitative study. Interview guide and Focus Group Discussion Guide was used for qualitative study. It was found that of the 58% of the respondents had undergone SRS and called themselves as Nirvanas. Of the 174 respondents who had undergone SRS, 43 (25%) of them had taken assistance of Senior Transgender Women while 40 of the respondents had SRS done through unqualified persons (quacks). Of the 35 (12%) of the respondents who lived with parents, only two of them were Nirvanas. When compared to Aquas (Transgender Women who have not under gone sex reassignment surgery), more number of Nirvanas were married to males if not had permanent sex partners. The CBOs can assist the respondents to get the necessary documents which are required for SRS. Thaiammas can be trained by PHC doctors for a surgery and also to handle the post-surgery complications. The delay which is government hospitals needs to be addressed. Law enforces should take care of the Quacks. The Tamil Nadu government has taken many steps to assist the Transgender Women. Few government hospitals also perform SRS. But still not all the Transgender Women make use of this facility. The gaps needs to be identified and addressed.

Nigerians in my view are a people who live beside the ocean yet, dying of thirst. Our beloved country is blessed with both human and natural resources but her rate of poverty is one that is alarming. In the area of science and technology she is rich abroad but poor at home. Every year, her universities produce graduates who continue to roam the streets in search of white collar jobs. Gradually, the harsh and unpleasant economic situation sows evil seeds in the hearts of these youths thereby, taking to crimes. A people born free now find themselves everywhere in chains. Hopeless as she may seem today, Nigeria is however, not beyond redemption. Critically yes, but not entirely hopeless. To pull her back and turn her around obviously requires a change of ideology. Should we continue to do same thing the same way and expect a different result? How long shall we continue to be slaves in our father’s palace? Mills conception of liberty provides a way out of our national predicament as this essay adopts both analytic and evaluative methods in establishing that liberty would make the people to be creative and innovative, thereby bring about the needed technological breakthrough.

The problem of HIV/AIDS is not only a medical issue, but it is also a psychosocial issue. Infection as well as stigma presents the victim with a broad range of personal psychological experiences to negotiate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of psychological counseling on social acceptance of PLWHA. The target population of this study was 1000 (690 counseled and 310 not counseled) PLWHA. Out of the 1000 PLWHA a 30% was obtained and a total of 300 (208 counseled and 92 not counseled) PLWHA was selected through stratified sampling and simple random sampling. A total of 35 psychological counselors were identified using purposive sampling. The research instruments used were questionnaire and interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS (14.0) by use of means and One-way ANOVA. Qualitative data was analyzed using selective coding, percentages and chi-square. The study established that psychological counseling has significant effect social acceptance of PLWHA. The findings may be useful in sensitizing the infected and affected persons on the significance of psychological counseling in enhancing psychosocial wellbeing of PLWHA. The results can be used to mobilize the Ministry of Health, NGOs, CBOs to employ psychological counselors to help in psychological counseling PLWHA.

This paper aims at examining the state capacity in enforcement of environmental standards in the context of organizational development, central to which is the need for continuous effectiveness. The neo-liberal proponents presuppose that with a limited scope of functions, the state becomes more effective and efficient in discharging its core functions. From the mid 1980s Tanzania has been implementing neo-liberal reforms. A new environmental policy was formulated in 1997 then followed by the enactment of the new environmental management legislation in 2004. The question is, to what extent have these changes improved the Tanzanian state capacity in effectively managing the environment? The central argument of the paper is that in spite of the changes in the policy and legal framework in order to improve its mandate, the state, through the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC), is still institutionally impaired to the extent it cannot effectively ensure and monitor compliance with environmental standards. This then suggests that the assumption that the state’s capacity would be enhanced if the state had concentrated on its ‘core’ functions requires re-examination.