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The incidence, effect, and causal organism of fungal leaf spot diseases of orange tree (Citrus spp.) in Southeastern Nigeria were investigated. Healthy and diseased samples of orange leaves were obtained from Aba, Amagunze, Awka, Nkpor , and Onitsha all in Southeastern Nigeria. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was used for isolation of fungi. Ten trees with disease symptoms were sampled at each location using visual assessment method and their percentage frequency calculated. The occurrence of fungal leaf spot was least at Nkpor (30%) and highest at Aba (43%). The fungi identified were Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporium, Botryodiplodia theobromae, and Geotrichium spp. The F. solani occurred at highest percentage of 37.5% incidence while the lowest was B. theobromae at 6.25%. The pathogenicity test revealed that the major cause fungal leaf spot disease of orange was B. theobromae, Fusarium solani, and F. oxysporium. Although, leaf spot disease is a minor economic problem that reduces crop yield, a number of control measures need to be adopted.

Visual cryptography (VC) is a technique for protecting the secret image which encodes the picture into many shares and allots them to different members. At the point when all shares are adjusted and stacked together, they uncover the secrete image. In k out of n (k, n) VC plot, the secret image is shared into n shares to such an extent that when k or more members by storing up their transparencies by methods for an overhead projector to uncovers the secret image. This paper proposed a spic and span of basic and strong (k, n) visual cryptography method which is utilized to successfully imparting the secret image to most extreme classification. In share creation process, determined new condition for arbitrary grids and after that XOR activities are performed to produce the 'n' transparencies. It is conceivable to decipher the secret image outwardly by superimposing a k subset of transparencies. All things considered no mystery information can be procured from the superposition of an unlawful subset. Trials, measurable and security evaluations are completed on the offers to approve the quality of the proposed plot by methods for a succession of examinations, for example, visual testing, encryption quality testing, security investigation and diverse assaults. The proposed (k, n) VC plot offers a reliable insurance for conveying pictures over people in general channels.

In this article, a report of a study to investigate pertinent citations in the introduction sections of empirical article published in Turkish Journal of Chemistry is presented. It is attempt to proceed with the validation that majority of citation made in the introduction sections of scientific articles are impertinent to the study. In this study, an empirical investigation of pertinence of citations made in Turkish Journal of Chemistry is presented. In this particular study, citations made in the introduction sections in issues published from 1997 to 2004 were analyzed. An empirical scientific article was randomly selected from every issue published, and the pertinence of selected article was determined. Overall, the result showed that less than 20% of the citations were pertinent to the study. This result suggests that over 80% of citations made in the introduction sections may not be applicable in the computation of effective impact of publications.

It is obvious that learning new vocabularies in the process of acquiring a second language has always been significant. First and best medium in every language is vocabulary. No connection is possible without knowing the words. Using words means connection. Without using vocabularies and knowing their meanings, speaking is worthless and meaningless. Acquisition of new words is of various procedures. Some learn new words through speaking and some learn by reading. In second language teaching and learning vocabulary through reading, there are two instructional techniques: incidental learning and intentional learning. This case study explores the role of reading in S2 vocabulary acquisition, and the effect of different vocabulary instructional techniques on the vocabulary learning of Iranian advanced EFL students who learn English in English institutes. The results of the study produce the following findings: 1) Both instructional treatments result in significant gains in learners` receptive vocabulary knowledge, but the combination of the incidental and intentional learning instruction leads to greater vocabulary gains and better retention. 2) Students` vocabulary size plays a decisive role in acquiring the productive aspect of the vocabulary knowledge.

Present medical science very much depends on the medical images and medical imaging technology like MRI, CT, US, etc. Doctors are using these medical images for the anatomical structure study and for the treatment planning. But generally medical images are complex and noisy. This paper discuss about the segmentation and pre-processing which reduce the complexity of medical image analysis and eliminate noise and unwanted region without any loss of important information in the image. Region growing segmentation is considered for the segmentation and compared the performance with pre-processing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Student Councils Involvement in Decision Making and Its Effect on Students’ Discipline in Nandi North Sub-County. This study was hinged on the Participative Leadership Theory (Yukl, 1994) which posits that involvement in decision making improves the understanding of the issues in schools. The study adopted mixed research methodology and targeted 43 school principals, 43 deputy principals and 559 student Council leaders. The sample size for students in this study was determined using Krejcie and Morgan formula. The respondents were selected through the use of stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interviews and document analysis were used for collecting data relevant to this study. Validity was determined through expert opinion while reliability was determined through piloting and use of croncbach alpha. The analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics namely; Pearson rank correlation. Data was presented in form of tables, figures and charts. Further, most (55.6%) of the student council leaders reported that students in their schools participated in BOM meetings. Similarly, majority of the student council leaders believed that student involvement in decision making through council members have helped solve indiscipline cases in school. The study findings indicated that there is a strong and significant relationship student council involvement in decision making (r = .723) and school discipline in secondary schools in Nandi North Sub-County. This implies that students should be involved in development and implementation of school rules and regulations in order to enhance student discipline. The study will be useful to the Ministry of Education to have information on the operation and effectiveness of students’ councils since it is still a new policy. It also will yield data and information that was useful to policy planners and decision makers to follow up on policy implementation and evaluation on its role in improving the welfare of students.

It is fact that an Islamic society has different religious teachings and different values for its members as compared to non Islamic society. Therefore, in an Islamic society, cultural, social and moral values should be different; and consumer crimes should be also different. In practice, it is seen that in the era of globalization, mostly developing societies whether these are Islamic or non Islamic societies, all have similar consumer crimes. This shows that whether the Islamic societies are not acting upon Islamic teachings, or members of Islamic society have same worldly objectives like others. Or, these members are also giving preference to this mortal life over hereafter world. Therefore, in this article an overview about the consumer crimes of modern and globalized era is presented. In these crimes, some are committed by consumers while some others are committed by sellers and manufacturers. The purpose of both parties is to deceive the other which is not true, morally, socially and religiously also.

The present paper identifies the critical success factors while the implementation of TQM, to evaluate their impact on the primary measures as expressed by the operational performance and the secondary measures as organizational performance, and to find out the effect of the operational and organizational performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in a selected industrial sector using the semi structured interview approach. A total 297 samples are identified for analysis. 139 responses received with all detail. Respondent’s profiles are quality managers and deferent sectors are targeted. A focus is needed on analyzing various techniques and strategies to be adopted by the Indian companies.

The simple random sampling technique was employed in selecting 62 farmers drawn from the sampling frame obtained from the list of Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) contact farmers in the four Local Governments Areas (LGAs) of Egbedore, Olorunda, Ede South and Ife Central, which made up the study area. The main instrument for collecting the primary data was structured questionnaire. It is evident from the result is that an average total cost of N371486.35 was incurred per annum by fish farmers while gross revenue of N791242.52 was realized with a gross margin of N 574314 and a profit of N 419756.17. The rate of return on investment of 0.58 implies that for every one naira invested in Fish production by farmers, a return of N1.5 and a profit of 58k were obtained. The multiple regression result revealed that fish output was significantly determined by pond size, labour used, cost of feeds, cost of lime and cost of fingerlings. The coefficient of determination indicates that 52.2% of the variation in the value of fish output was explained by pond size, quantity of labour used, cost of feed, cost of lime and cost of fingerlings. The study concluded that fish production in the study area is economically rewarding and profitable.

Objective: to understand the conditions of the elder’s depression and to explore the connections between personal background, self-concept, and depression. Design: The population included 366 samples of the older people above 65 in Ren-Ai district, Keelung City, Taiwan. A self-designed structured questionnaire was used as our research tool. Our data were collected through both questionnaire and one-on-one interview, and then processed and analyzed by package software - IBM SPSS Statistics 20 (Windows version). Results: The average depression scores from our research targets were 2.69 (±2.76). Some major factors that might have to do with the elder’s depression included gender, age, education degree, marriage status, self-consciousness of economic condition, chronic disease index, self-consciousness of health condition, self-concept, and social support.The degree of depression developed by the population of higher education degree (such as college) is less than lower education degree (below junior high school and the illiterate); the female are less than the male; the married and the widowed are less than the divorced; self-consciousness of the economic sufficiency is less than economic insufficiency; and the self-consciousness of healthy condition is less than unhealthy condition.The age and chronic disease index both are positively correlated to the degree of depression, but self-concept and social support are negatively correlated. Lower education degree (below junior high school and the illiterate), self-consciousness of economic condition, self-consciousness of health, age, chronic disease index, self-concept, and social support all have important forecasting capability for the elder’s depression. Self-concept, among them, has the highest explaining capability for the elder’s depression. Conclusions: Our study suggested self-concept and social support should be emphasized for treating the elder’s depression. This should be considered for any future researches.