Social Studies

This paper aims at examining the state capacity in enforcement of environmental standards in the context of organizational development, central to which is the need for continuous effectiveness. The neo-liberal proponents presuppose that with a limited scope of functions, the state becomes more effective and efficient in discharging its core functions. From the mid 1980s Tanzania has been implementing neo-liberal reforms. A new environmental policy was formulated in 1997 then followed by the enactment of the new environmental management legislation in 2004. The question is, to what extent have these changes improved the Tanzanian state capacity in effectively managing the environment? The central argument of the paper is that in spite of the changes in the policy and legal framework in order to improve its mandate, the state, through the National Environmental Management Council (NEMC), is still institutionally impaired to the extent it cannot effectively ensure and monitor compliance with environmental standards. This then suggests that the assumption that the state’s capacity would be enhanced if the state had concentrated on its ‘core’ functions requires re-examination.

At the age of thirty, Uzun Hasan took over Amed (Diyarbakir), the capital city of Ak Koynlu state and became the unrivaled ruler. He married his first wife at the age of fifteen; soon after, he married his second and third wives. His first wife was a Turcoman, the second was a Kurd and the third was a Christian. Each of the wives acted in accordance with the personalities, potentials, personal skills and the wills they possessed. The Turcoman queen or Seljuk Shah could not stand to lead a life away from the Ak Koynlu palace; thus she established a broad network of relations with the Ak Koynlu dignitaries and military leaders and also was an influential figure among the Ak Koynlu members. She was so skillful that she could easily gather Ak Koynlu family around herself. After her husband died, her role became even greater. Hasan’s Kurdish wife kept a low profile. Most of her decisions and wills were expressed by her son Ughrlu Mohammed. In factMohammed’s personality overshadowed his mother’s personality since she was not allowed to work within the palace. As for Hasan’s third wife, Dspina, the Christian, it is obvious that she married Hasan to protect Trabzon Empire ruled by her father. Then she started to influence Uzun Hasan to work against the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, she played an active role in building relations between Hasan and the West, particularly the Venetian Republic.

This study deals with the History of the Mullai-Periyar Water Dispute

Willful or unintended and negligent noncompliance to the advice of a clinician and recommended prescription medication by the elderly may have widespread ramifications, and often leads to hospitalizations, and increases in home health care costs and death. The elderly in the United States, average 12.7 prescriptions per year, consume 30% of prescription medications, spend $15 billion annually, and some receive eight or more medications per day. The focus of this qualitative study with a phenomenological design was to gain insight into the lived experiences in respect of pharmacological noncompliance. The participants for this study included 20 elderly African American individuals from Wisconsin. The research questions were framed to conform to a phenomenological study. The purpose of the study was to gain insight into the personal lived experiences of study participants in respect of medication compliance and adhering and complying with the medical advice of physician medical practitioners. Participants narrated life’s story regarding a personal medical condition and the ability to adhere to the instructions of a physician. The normative decision-making theory served as the conceptual framework and reference, to gain a deeper understanding of the motivations that drive, or constrain compliance to medication. The analysis of the data took place after completion of the research. The interviews were coded, transcribed, and categorized to facilitate the analysis of the data using an appropriate software program. The findings of the study indicated that the elderly experience different challenges. The responses of participants showed that the compliance levels increased when a greater and individualized interest is taken in the patient by healthcare providers. Patients are less likely to comply with the medical advice of a physician when there is little effort made to build and sustain a caring physician-patient relationship. The findings of this study may advance understanding of compliance to medical treatment, as the quest for improving the quality of life is ongoing and continuous in the United States.

Community policing is an effort between the security agents and the community that identifies and solves community problems such as insecurity issues. This paper thus discusses the challenges facing the local private security guards toward enhancing community policing. The study found that poor working conditions, poor pay, lack of recognition from the public, inadequate working facilities, and poor communication channels were among the major challenges facing private guards in Eldoret town. The study recommends that there is need for improving working conditions as well as communication.

A close look at Jean-Paul Sartre’s Humanistic Existentialism reveals an avalanche of implications that clamour for a dismissal of Sartre’s thesis. These implications range from metaphysical implications, to religious, ethical, sociological and other implications. The task of this paper is to critically look at some of these implications and consequences of his Humanistic Existentialism.

Chhou dance and gymnastics are having almost the same pattern of movement demand same type of physical fitness components with the different objectives. Both the events required strength, speed, agility, flexibility, co-ordination, balance, rhythm etc. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to compare the physical fitness components between the Gymnasts and the Chhou dancers. Procedures: Total 50 subjects, 25 from each group about 16-20 years of age were considered as the subjects from the district Purulia of West Bengal. The measured criteria were agility and flexibility. Sit and reach test was considered for testing flexibility and SEMO agility test was taken for testing agility. Findings and conclusions: The result showed the significant difference in case of flexibility but the difference in case of agility was not significant. In both the cases the gymnasts showed better performances.

The paper examines the role of Oil Industry in the growth of urbanization in Rivers State. Concentration of oil industry in the Niger Delta with emphasis on Rivers State is as a result of its natural endowment in Oil and gas which leads to the influx of people into the area. Modernization theory as applied in the work explains the linkage between urbanization and oil industry. Despite the adverse effects of oil industry, the paper argues that its influence creates wealth through employment opportunities. Through urbanization, there is increase in crime rate, high cost of living, poor living condition, high unemployment rate and neglect of the traditional economy. To achieve the desired result in this work, primary and secondary sources were adopted. In view of the problems associated with oil industry and urbanization, the paper recommends that forty percent (40%) of the work force should come from the host communities. To decongest Port Harcourt city and its environs, the government and the management of oil industry operating in the state should endeavour to develop satellite towns in the local government areas. There should also be an enabling law to control high cost of living ravaging the state. 

Since modern society changes rapidly, styles of interpersonal communication changes as well. Of all, mobile phone plays a significant role in everyone’s daily life, becoming as the most popular communication tool. This study explored the use of mobile phones and its impact on interpersonal relationship among youth in Lahore. The study used the theoretical frameworks of “uses and gratifications” approach from media studies. The main objective of the study was to examine the overall impact of mobile phone and determine the role mobile phones are playing in effecting interpersonal relationship and gender differences. Data was collected through survey comprised 50 young adults (ageing 16 to 30 years) in Lahore. Quantitative analysis of the data revealed that there is strong relationship between mobile phone usage and interpersonal relationship. Continuous use of mobile phone negatively effect on youth and distort the relationship with their families and close friends. Study found that there were gender differences in the use of cell phones by young people. Further, males use more cell phone rather than the females.

The present research is aimed to discover the skeletal and social measures and principles affecting the formation of collective memories in urban designing and to scrutinize and examine them compared to Shemiranat Gateway. In old cities, the gateways were considered as a place for passage but by emersion of modernity, progress of technology, increase in the speed of human beings’ movement, ease of access and development of communications, and replacing the old transportation vehicles by new automobiles, the form and shape of the cities and towns, too, underwent remarkable changes. The change in the skeleton of the cities caused some functions such as the gateways to be forgotten and lose their spatial concept, so new concepts emerged proportionate to the needs of the modern cities. The city’s entrance point was replaced by the suburban areas; and the middle space between the inside and outside of the city was expanded so much that it went beyond the human perception. But the concept of passage still remained in the minds and the difference between “here” and “there” didn’t fade despite the change in the concept of distance compared to its old form. By breakdown of the hedges, the skeleton of the city entrances and gateways have changed but their location still reminds the citizens’ collective memories and can provoke the people’s memories. The method of the present research is based on logical reasoning which, first, introduces the urban space and middle spaces and recognizes their relationship through the documentary studies and, then, extracts the measures and factors which affect the formation and maintenance of the collective memories on the city’s entrance area with regard to the existing challenges in any area; it ultimately suggests solutions, appropriate to the 21st century human’s needs, under three issues, that is passage, presence, and crisis management, in order to reinforce the above-mentioned factors.