Physiology and Anatomy

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the trachea is rare, it represents 1% of all respiratory tract cancers. ACC are the second most common primary malignant tracheal neoplasms after squamous cell carcinoma. Dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and hemoptysis are the common initial and atypical symptoms. We report an extremely rare case of ACC of proximal trachea, in a 28-year-old male who presented with a 6 month history of hemoptysis and dyspnea. Laryngoscopy and computed tomography revealed a posterior tracheal tumor 1.7 cm long axis without extra-tracheal extension and without significant lung injury. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of ACC. The patient was treated by surgical resection and end- to- end anastomosis followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Six months follow-up of the patient did not reveal local recurrence or distant metastases. Clinical features, histological appearance and differential diagnosis as well as treatment are discussed.

The vertebral arteries (VA) are most important vessels for posterior cerebral circulations. The anomalous aortic origin of the left vertebral artery (LVA) is relatively common congenital anomalies, incidence up to 84.8%. On the dissected human heart specimens with the aortic arch branches, we observed two different patterns of anomalous aortic arch origin of left vertebral artery. The unusual aortic arch origin of LVA was observed between the LCCA & LSA in one specimen and after LSA in another. The present study aimed to establish the concept of the embryological basis behind the common anomalous aortic origin of left vertebral artery.

Chronic prostatitis is a disease with an unknown etiology that affects a large number of men. The optimal management for category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is not codified. Standard treatment usually consists of prolonged courses of antibiotics, even though well-designed clinical trials have failed to demonstrate their efficacy.A review of the literature failed to identify any recognized and validated treatments for CP/CPPS. However, the current approach is multimodal including: antibiotics, alpha-blockers, phytotherapy, acupuncture, physiotherapy and minimally invasive surgery. These therapies can be successful for the majority of patients who present with this difficult condition.

Cryptorchidism is the most common defect of the male urogenital tract at birth. It signifies a risk factor for primitive testiculopathy associated with long-term complications (infertility, testicular neoplasia, and hormonal changes). It may appear as an isolated disorder or can be a consequence of genetic and endocrine abnormalities connected with somatic anomalies. Its genetic relation still seems to be indistinct although a choice of genes can be answerable for the growth of this syndrome. Cryptorchidism can be related with serum testosterone level though the co-existing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may also designate the association of pituitary hormones.

The aim of this study is to know if relaxation has immediate effect on hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary functions in normal healthy individuals. 34 of 40 participants were selected after screening. These participants were divided in two groups, group A: music therapy, group B: Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation. After an interval of 5 days, the participants were given the other intervention respectively. The participant’s hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary functions were noted immediately before and after the session. The study was conducted in the department of Cardio respiratory physiotherapy, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS, Loni. India. 34 of 40 normal healthy participants entered the study and 30 completed it. Relaxation was given by two techniques, music therapy in which the participant was made to listen to Indian classical instrumental music for 20 minutes. Another technique used was Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation for 20 minutes. Outcome measures were noted pre and post session. The primary outcome measures were hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary function. The secondary outcome measure was to find participant’s preference of relaxation technique based on their experience. The hemodynamic parameters improved considerably after music therapy but the pulmonary functions improved better with Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation. The participants rated music therapy more preferable than Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation. Relaxation has immediate effect on hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary functions. Relaxation particularly music therapy (Classical Indian instrumental music) can be made a routine activity in normal healthy individuals.

Identification of sex of an unknown individual from the skeletal remains is the first and the most important step encountered by the forensic experts and archiologists. The hip bone is considered as an ideal bone for sex determination as it provides the highest accuracy levels. Many workers have studied various metric parameters for sexing of hip bone. The present study was done with an aim to find out the sex of hip bone using various parameters of greater sciatic notch. For this purpose, 100 dry hip bones were collected from the Department of Anatomy, VIMS, Bellary. Seven different parameters of the greater sciatic notch were used for the study: Maximum width, Maximum depth, Posterior segment, Index I, Index II, Total angle and Posterior angle. All the parameters (especially posterior segment, posterior angle and index II) were found to be highly indicative of sex hip bone by t- test (p<0.005) except the depth.

A plea is made for the recognition of a disorder of the colon, commonly encountered in the elderly, which is characterized by elongation (and also by dilatation) of the colon, especially the sigmoid. It may give rise to symptoms which suggest a diagnosis of carcinoma. The condition is believed to be acquired, and is an important aetiological factor in the development of sigmoid and, less frequently, of caecal volvulus. Three main colonic transfer forms were identified: slow transit in the proximal colon (STC), normal proximal colonic transit with anorectal retention (NT-AR), and rapid proximal transit ± anorectal retention (RT)

The congenital abnormalities of the aortic arch derived vascular and ligamentous structures are vascular rings. They encircle trachea and esophagus at variant degrees which results in respiratory or feeding difficulties in children. An abnormality of pulmonary arterial system results in airway compression is known as a sling. CT gives excellent spatial and temporal resolution coma a wide field of view, multi planner reconstruction capabilities and simultaneous evaluation of the airway. A brief discussion of the embryology of the branch vessels and aorta is followed by discussions and illustrations of some uncommon and common vascular rings with critical informations required by surgeons.

Renal agenesis is a congenital birth defect in which an infant is born missing one or both kidneys. The cause of renal agenesis is not known, though some cases result from inherited mutated genes. Babies with one kidney are often able to live and lead normal lives with ongoing tests and treatment. Those with no kidneys need long-term dialysis to survive.

The growth of the aorta and its major branches are from six pairs of branchial arches, which, throughout the fourth week of pregnancy, combine the primitive ventral and dorsal aortas in the embryo. The right-sided aortic is identified when the aortic arch courses to the right of the trachea. When this happens, there is interchanging of the descending aorta and ascending aorta to the right and left respectively. In abnormal condition it can be interruption dorsal segment which may result in any of the three types of right-sided aortic arch. In anomalies which are diagnosed earlier can result in the management of the condition