Social Studies

Education is vital for sustainable economic development and empowerment of people. Subsequently, the role of education especially for the emancipation of the poor and marginalized cannot be underscored. Realizing this fact, the Government of Kenya has invested immensely in education by providing free primary and free tuition in secondary education. Public university education is also subsidized. Despite these initiatives, investment in basic education in Kenya represents a largely unequal distribution of resources. The most deprived area is North Eastern province of Kenya partly due to its arid and semi-arid nature that make development a theoretical and a practical challenge. This paper applies human capital theory and human rights theory to advocate and promote education for all especially for children of pastoralist communities in Kenya. By applying the human capital theory, the paper argues that the rate of returns to education, both private and social, justify a greater investment in educational initiatives in North Eastern province. The argument is supplemented by the human rights theory that argues that even if there would be no significant returns to education in arid areas, the Government has an obligation to ensure that all children, regardless of their socio-economic and political context, attain quality education as a human right that has to be respected.

SPKMP is a public programme with the objective of uplifting the level of wellness among coastal community particularly the poor households. Since its inception in 2001, the programme has undergone several phases of improvement. However, until now living conditions of the coastal poor households remain unchanged. The present study aimed at assessing performance of SPKMP in terms of implementation of the program as well as the performance of the organizations that involved in the program, particularly looking into the mechanism used in managing the program with special reference to district of Kuala Terengganu. By using official records and reports from various agencies at the central level and district offices besides observation and in-depth interviews with households and officials at the agencies involved, the study discovered some interesting findings. Firstly, the principles serve as a guideline for the implementation of the program were not followed by the implementing agencies at the district level. Various malpractices were also detected. Secondly, the evaluation showed that most of the program outputs cannot help the fishermen to increase their household income and savings. Thirdly, the marine resources are depleting, therefore the fishermen are not able to increase their catch. Furthermore, coastal communities have not received sufficient assistance in the program so they do not get the necessary moral support. This study shows that the development agencies have not been able to implement the program properly because of weak and inefficient management. Policies, strategies and activities that are more suitable are needed to improve the program.

Leadership is in fact a process of influencing followers. Characteristics of leadership are functions of time and situation and differ in different cultures and countries. Managers of international organizations should obtain enough knowledge of these cultural characteristics and differences and should have the utmost versatility while executing their leadership tasks. In this paper we have conducted a survey of the relation between cultures and styles of leadership in different countries. At first characteristics of leadership are discussed in work oriented leadership paradigm and management regimes, in a number of different regions, including China, Japan, U.S.A, Europe, and Arab countries. We also discuss about cross-cultural leadership concept and its challenges. At the end, a comparative analysis is made over the various leadership styles.

Categories of intellectual capital is important that over last few decades that has attracted attention of academic circles. actually change the pattern of corporate and with the emergence of new challenges and compete in the global arena, companies to maintain their competitive advantage should be worth more to think as intellectual capital as a key factor companies to create value and sustain competitive advantage has become known then identification and reporting of intellectual capital issue importance for corporate managers and users of financial statements. In this study, the relationship between intellectual capital components and financial performance of listed companies in the cement industry Studied at the Tehran Stock Exchange. The study period is 2007 to 2011 years. For test the hypotheses and data analysis from method of least squares regression and neural networks are used. The results indicated a significant relationship between intellectual capital and corporate financial performance indicators. On the other research findings can be concluded between intellectual capital and financial performance of companies in the same (similar) craft approach to regression analysis and neural networks value added intellectual coefficient model Polic (VAIC) gives similar results however, the performance impact on capital employed human capital is a significant difference in performance.

Now a days divorce is the most important threat to the family institution and understanding its influencing factors is one of the priorities of mental health. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of training the cognitive –behavioral techniques of the marriage performance of couple son the verge of divorce. This study used aquasi-experimental design with pretest, post-test, and control group. The subjects of this study consisted of 15 clients as the experimental group and 15 patients as the control group which were selected with multi-stage random sampling from the counseling center of Social Welfare Organizaion and Family Court center of Neyshaboor. The experimental group was trained for 8 sessions about the cognitive - behavioral techniques. The results showed training cognitive-behavioral techniques improves the marriage performance using analysis of covariance and independent t-test. Furthermore, in terms of the effectiveness of cognitive - behavioral techniques there was a significant difference between the two sexes.

This article tried to identify the role of internet in shaping the youth’s national identity and determine factors affecting the identity of the youth who use the Internet. The population included all the youth users of Internet. In this research, quantitative survey method was applied and the research tool is questionnaire which is prepared by the researcher. It can be concluded that using Internet affects the youth’s identity in terms of their cognitive, feeling and value identity, and in general, the research showed that using internet has a great and undeniable role on shaping or even changing the youth’s national identity.

Reading strategies are of interest for what they reveal about the way readers manage their interaction with written text and how these strategies are related to text comprehension. The aims of this study is to compare using of metacognitive strategies in reading skill by advanced, intermediate and elementary levels learners of English language. 200 Iranian EFL students both male and female were participated in this study. Their language proficiency level was classified to elementary, intermediate and advanced learners. It is convincing to mention that the participants were English major in teaching, translation and literature. The researcher utilized a questionnaire which was 22 items based on Likert Scale. The metacognitive reading strategies questionaire (MRSQ)is administered to investigate the frequency of participants'useof metacognitive reading strategies developed by Taraban,Kerr and Rynerson (2004). The results of the chi-square indicate that there is a significant relationship between the proficiency level of the students and their use of meta-cognitive strategies (x2 (8) = 74.67, P = .000 < .05). That is, as proficiency level increases the students make more use of meat-cognitive strategies. It should be also noted that gender as an independent variable in this study didn't cause any significant difference in the performance, i.e., we can claim that no significant differences between male and female students exist regarding the use of metacognitive strategies.

Although quantum mechanics, as one of the most advanced physical theory was successful in explaining many of the physical and natural phenomena and this theory has numerous achievements in diverse areas of human gifted, but parallel to this subject, much confusion has been made in understanding the philosophical principles. The most obvious approach to the challenges of understanding the nature and will cause disagreement and confusion in describing the physical world and reality. The question "how quantum mechanics describes physical reality and describe what results there?" Many researchers have attempted to address the meeting. Among the researchers, David Bohm has a special place. By providing an alternative to quantum mechanics, "Bohemian Mechanics" offers.In this brief article will attempt to introduce "quantum mechanics" and its description of physical reality, the "Bohemian Mechanics" and its own definition of physical reality too.

The tourism as a Scanner industry and incomet generation has an important role in many economic, social and cultural aspects. Today, many counties are based in economic structures from tourism development supporting, and develop their economies by reliance to it. The aim of this study is to assess tourism Socio-cultural and environmental effects of Tang Ganje recreational camps. Data were collected by interview and questions of the people then were analyzed using SWOT model. So development of tourism can have widespread effects on the indigenous people lives, and through the influence on all aspects of indigenous life, and develop their economic and socio-cultural condition. According to the findings of sample groups showed that tourism in all its dimensions has more positive effects and creating appropriate infrastructure for the organizations can help attract more tourists to the area. It also became clear that the development of this industry in the region could cause economic growth; reduce migration to urban areas and increasing the welfare of the indigenous people. Key words: Tourism, sustainable development, evaluation, village, Tang Ganjei, SWOT

The globalisation of entities has meant that innovative ideas need to be implemented in order for businesses to grow but also to reduce costs thereby affecting the profit margins positively.Technology has advanced to such a degree that it has increased the capability to process more demanding algorithms for both video and audio technologies. This study is intended to enable a deeper insight into the adoption and diffusion patterns of Video Conferencing (VC) technologies within a public sector company, Company X, with a focus on the factors that impact users perceived quality and trust as well as the intended use of this technology. It is for this reason that the focus of the study is to analyse the adoption and diffusion patterns of the new technology of VC in Company X.Data was gathered with the use of both quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interview) with a sample of 180 employees and three middle managers respectively. In addition, observations were conducted over a period of three weeks to triangulate data that was collected. The study established that users adopted and diffused technology to a limited degree.Use of the technology was between 1 to 5 hours each week predominantly for meetings. The participants also mentioned that travel time is saved, hence there was more personal time and also more time gained for the completion of collaboration tasks more quickly. However, some staff preferred the face to face approach during meetings. The majority indicated that using the facility during VC was complicated and at time disruptive due to insufficient training. Based on the results of the primary study and literature, recommendations were formulated for management.