Physiology and Anatomy

The hydatid cyst of the spleen is a rare affection. The location splenic comes in 3rd position after the liver and lungs. In the absence of really effective medical treatment, splenic hydatid disease often leads to surgery. We report the case of a patient with calcified splenic hydatid cyst discovered incidentally and in whom the therapeutic decision was abstention and monitoring.

To specify the types of statistical methods, currently most influencing high-quality surgical research, we systematically reviewed original research articles published in The American Journal of Transplantation, Annals of Surgery, Liver Transplantation and The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. We further aimed to determine complexity of data analysis in these journals. Of 518 papers reviewed, 74.7% (95%CI 70.7-78.4) contained methods of inferential statistics. Most frequently used inferential methods among all journals, were basic contingency table analysis, including c²-tests and Fisher’s exact tests, and methods of survival analysis, with observed frequencies of 39.6% (95%CI 35.3-43.9) and 30.7% (95%CI 26.8-34.9), respectively. Other commonly used procedures were nonparametric techniques and t-tests. Complexity of data analysis was rather sophisticated in The American Journal of Transplantation, Annals of Surgery and Liver Transplantation, with more than 50% of papers using advanced statistical techniques. However, nearly 65% of papers from The American Journal of Pathology were purely descriptive, without any analytical power. Our results indicate that more emphasises should be given to the magnitude of treatment differences and to statistical estimation techniques than to solely rely upon uncritical significance testing. Moreover, authors should be encouraged to further utilize new statistical methodology in their research.

Choanal atresia is a rare congenital condition caused by persistence of the buccopharyngeal membrane during the development of embryo. It is characterized by the closure of posterior nares in the nasal cavity. The condition is well managed with an oropharyngeal airway. A 120 degree nasal endoscope and CT are used in the diagnosis of choanal atresia. The definitive treatment for this upper airway obstruction is surgery. The less invasive approach is the transnasal one which is the first-line approach currently. If this approach is failed transpalatal approach is proceeded which is highly invasive.

Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly that is presented in both male and female newborn as the External Urethral Meatus opens ventral to its normal position. This birth defect of the Urogenital Tract is found more common in males; and the main contributing factors are subcategorized mainly into Genetic, Hormonal and Environmental factors. The incidence of this anomaly varies around the globe but a raise in its rate of occurrence within the past two decades has been detected, suggested to the increase of several Endocrine Disrupters that mimics the action of Estrogen affecting the normal development of the embryo during gestation.

Objective: This study was to evaluated reasons for teeth extraction in southern regions of Iran. Method : We evaluated reasons for teeth extraction in 364 persons of sample population of Shiraz, Iran (157 women and 207 men)who were referred to Shiraz Governmental Dental Health Care Centers for extraction of their teeth in a three month period (Oct. to Dec. 2010). There were no special criteria in selection of the patients. Results: Data showed that dental caries was the main reason for extraction of teeth followed by periodontal disease and orthodontic therapy respectively (P=0.007). A significant relationship was shown between sex and extraction (P=0.015) and location of residence (urban vs. rural) (P=0.007). Conclusion: According to the data of this study showing that dental caries and periodontal diseases are two main causes of teeth extraction, it seems that following correct oral hygiene instructions via educational principles to the people accompanying mechanical removal of dental plaques, would be the first step in preventing these two common dental problems which may cause extraction of teeth.

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is defined by the presence of an orifice in the diaphragm, more often left and posterolateral that permits the herniation of abdominal contents into the thorax. The lungs are hypoplastic and have abnormal vessels that cause respiratory insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension with high mortality. The etiology is unknown although clinical, genetic and experimental evidence points to disturbances in the retinoid-signaling pathway during organogenesis. Chronic respiratory tract disease, neurodevelopmental problems, neuro-sensorial hearing loss and gastro-esophageal reflux are common problems in survivors. Much more research on several aspects of this severe condition is necessary.

Müllerian Agenesis (MA) has been estimated to affect 1 in 4,000 to 5,000 women. Considered to be sporadic, it is a rare congenital disorder of the female reproductive system depicted by the absence of the uterus, cervix and/or upper 1/5th portion of the vagina. Its embryological basis is as a result of failure in the development of the Müllerian (Paramesonephric) ducts and thus, failure of fusion between the Caudal vertical parts of these ducts bilaterally, to form the aforementioned reproductive structures. It has been linked to possible genetic relations, nonetheless, more this article will address in depth the clinical significance and possible causes of this disorder.

Infectious endocarditis with Q fever is a rare and not very specific infection; Its diagnosis is difficult since it is usually a negative blood culture endocarditis. From a patient who was hospitalized in the cardiology department at the Mohamed IV University Hospital Center in Oujda; We describe the clinical and paraclinic presentation of this type of endocarditis while analyzing its lesional features; Therapeutic and evolutionary

Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis that progress to terminal renal failure during the second decade (juvenile form) or before the age of 5 years (infantile form). In the juvenile form, a urine concentration defect starts during the first decade, and a progressive deterioration of renal function is observed in the following years. Kidney size may be normal, but loss of cortico-medullary differentiation is often observed, and cysts occur usually after patients have progressed to end-stage renal failure.

The Subclavian Steal Syndrome is a condition in which the subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery is affected with stenosis or blockage. The blockage causes the reverse blood flow in the vertebral artery which is termed the "steal", because it steals blood from the cerebral circulation. Blood is drawn from the contralateral vertebral, basilar or carotid artery regions into the low-pressure ipsilateral upper limb vessels. The term subclavian steal syndrome is applied when reversed vertebral artery flow causes cerebral ischemia with associated symptoms of vertebrobasilar hypo perfusion and/or symptoms of brainstem or arm ischemia. This syndrome exists as an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of cerebral and brachial ischemia.