Social Studies

The cyber security threat in Pakistan is a rising issue, Because of incompatible cyber security parametrized; it is enhancing more challenges for Pakistan. As Pakistan is quickly expending its resilience on cyberspace, in the similar way it is not securing its digital networks. That’s why the national infrastructure of Pakistan is also losing its strength. Now it has becomes a national security threat for Pakistan so here Pakistan really needs a proper cyber secure mechanism for the protection of her national security.

The purpose of the present paper is to deal with the economic effects of gasoline subsidy on government expenditures in Iran's. To do so, we have used time series data for the period 1971-2004 and concentrated on the ordinary least square (OLS) method to estimate the relevant regression models. The results show that there has been a positive and significance relation between gasoline subsidy and government expenditures during the period under consideration .In order to alleviate the burden of gasoline subsidy on government budget, it is suggested that government emphasize on policies to reduce the gasoline subsidy which is mainly benefited the upper income bracket of the countries and move towards the guided subsidies. Also the economic liberalization and promotion of private sector introduced in Iran 4th economic plan needs more reliable support from all policy makers of the country.

Investing in education is imperative in this knowledge based economy to sustain a competitive edge. As we are aware, the higher education level is a significant factor for a long term economic growth. To ensure students’ are well equipped with the foundation for a higher level, a proper transition from primary right up to tertiary is crucial. In retrospect, poor achievement in higher learning institution has been an invariable issue and has drawn the attention of the higher learning institution, especially in numerical subjects like the College Mathematics. Although research of the higher learning institution places emphasis on classroom intervention to enhance students’ achievement, a study in the phenomenon from the perspective of course setting of the high school level mathematics education as reason behind poor performance in college is also vital. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of students’ performance in high school Mathematics on students’ academic performance in College Mathematics. The respondents of this study were the students from a private college. This study revealed that performance in high school Mathematics has an association with student’s performance in College Mathematics, while gender and medium of study act as moderators.

The world system is inclined to redistribution of capabilities within the international, state or even the individual levels, especially, in the aftermath of major events that necessarily alter the status quo. Power is fungible especially in the international system, so the US decline as a super power economically can be translated into a decline in other forms of power especially military might. Therefore, the claim that the US is becoming the first among equals becomes more realistic. The World system is witnessing the emergence of powers aiming at rearrangement of the world system into a multipolar framework, it is not possible for the United States to unilaterally exercise the world political decision as in the aftermath of the end of the cold war and the absence of the Soviet Union from the scene. The big powers have high political weight that cannot be ignored, surpassed, especially the "BRICS" group

Robbery is a kind of crime which not only jeopardizes citizens’ financial security in a society but their psycho security as well. This paper studiesrobbery in the city of Yasuj which seeks to find out the reasons and factors leading to the committing of this crime. Some of the theories, which bore criminological and sociological similarity to each other, are stated and then correlated with the obtained data. The results show that the cultural data did not have significant influence on the committing of robbery in the city of Yasuj, although factors such as education, a feature of culture, were considered influential. What is noteworthy to mention is that all factors being studied had more or less some kind of influence on robbery.

The demand for money function creates a background to review the effectiveness of monetary policies, as an important issue in terms of the overall macroeconomic stability. Money demand is an important indicator of growth for a particular economy. The increasing money demand mostly indicates a country's improved economic situation, as opposed to the falling demand which is normally a sign of deteriorating economic climate (Marvin and Palin, 2010).Thus it has been the focal point of considerable economic research. This paper surveys some of the more recent research on the demand for money and the policy implications for Asian developing countries. By and large the error correction model approach is the dominant methodology in most researches but the ARDL approach appears to be on the rise. Expectedly, the significant explanatory variables were found to be the income variable as the scale variable and domestic interest rate as the opportunity cost variable. In some cases additional variables had to be included in the money demand function such as the exchange rate, the inflation rate and some external interest rate. Generally, the demand for money was found to be stable and the money supply can be used as a tool of monetary policy aimed at influencing the macroeconomic variables of the economy

This document was prepared by the author in his capacity as Task Manager RCE Kakamega Western. It was the main background paper for the RCE presented at the East Africa Regional RCE’s Pre-Conference Workshop on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability held at Golf Hotel, Kakamega, Kenya from 1st to 2nd August 2013. Second, it was a contribution by RCE Kakamega Western towards the implementation of the devolved system of Governance following the promulgation of the Kenya Constitution 2010. It borrows from the special work programme on Chapter 36 of Agenda 21 of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) which “calls upon UNESCO to refine the concept and key messages of education for sustainable development”. The document is based on a wide variety of source materials, background papers prepared by specialists, and a preparatory meeting held in April 2013. It is to be considered the beginning of a process of discussion and debate, not a conclusion. Among the international institutions contributing to its preparation were: Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST),Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, International Education and Resource Nest Kenya (IEARN) and DAP Media. Beginning with a preface on the vision, mission and background of RCE Kakamega Western, the paper addresses priority issues reflected in the work programme of the CSD. Part I (“What is ‘Sustainable Leadership’?”) examines the emerging vision of ‘sustainability’ or ‘sustainable development’, including consideration of its inter-related components mainly addressing three key challenge areas and opportunities: Society, Economy and Environment. The role of education seen in this perspective is discussed, no longer as an end in itself but as a key instrument for achieving sustainability in the future. Part II (‘The Need for Effective Communication’) takes up the topic of public awareness and understanding as indispensable to support change towards sustainable development. Problems of vested interests, the difficulties of communicating science, the inherent complexity of the issues, and the tendency of the media to focus on extreme positions and controversies are considered. It is suggested that the most effective communication strategy for building awareness and understanding is to focus on problems which the public experiences in everyday life.

The Sivatattvaratnakara, a Sanskrit work of Basavaraja, the ruler of a small ruling Keladi dynasty. In this work he discussed variety of sciences in which the Ayurveda system of medicine is most important one. He deals the subject in the 21st and 22nd Parts of the work. It has been a practice in India to trace the origin of arts, sciences etc., to superior gods and it is believed that Ayurveda also was created for the welfare of mankind by the Supreme Being Brahman. In this work we find a condensed form of the legend related to the origin of Ayurveda. Here Basavaraj gives detail account on the different diseases and healing methods. He was a scholar-king deals with a vast number of subjects in general and particularly all branches of science like Ayurveda (medicine), chemistry, toxicology, typology, weapons, metallurgy, horticulture, child care and sacraments, geography, astronomy, cosmography, astrology etc.

In most African countries, it is exceedingly difficult to make the transition from youth to adulthood. Some people have attributed this to the hard economic times facing governments. Others have pointed it to the inadequate systems of education where as the rest blame it to poor planning. Statistics has it that most of the people after secondary level of education would wish to go to university. However, due to our filtering system, the smallest group makes it to this level. Those who don’t achieve the marks required join training colleges. There is still a 3rd group, which is unfortunately the largest, who still do not attain the mark to warrant them a place to these training colleges. Technical institutes were created to cater for the 3rd group. The technical institutions train on different skills which an individual could get employment in the informal sector. While some choose to be self employed, others are employed by people who have established themselves with enterprises which specialize in that particular trade. Machakos and Kakamega counties have been blessed by hosting a number of universities and upgrading technical institutes to university colleges. However, technical institutes are scarce and cannot comfortably cater for the 3rd group for as indicated earlier; it is the largest in numbers. In this 3rd group, there is a particular category called persons with disabilities. There is a strong temptation to write off what is strongly referred to as “a lost generation”. The question is, will we sit and watch as the so called “the lost generation” is written off? This paper seeks to show that the challenged have something to prove and given the opportunity they can assert themselves. An inclusive institute is what we are proposing. Inadequate educational system combined with the challenges of PWDs in job placement poses a challenge in acquiring financial security thereby hampering the transition from youth to adulthood. In the African setting, one is considered to be an adult when he/she is independent. This is not the case with persons with disabilities for in most cases they are considered as dependants. Some challenged youth gain technical training in the few special vocational training institutes but cannot compete with their peers. More often than not, their path is blocked because they are seen as liabilities. The idea of a sheltered workshop proposed in this paper seeks to address the informal sector for persons with disabilities. This will involve both vocational training on different skills together with placement and a full workshop where there will be immediate employment for individuals who graduate from the trainings. This initiative is aimed at improving job skills and awareness and possibly coming up with a show room where the finished products could be exhibited for the purpose of marketing. This project will focus on educating and socializing the people with special needs to play a role in the county’s development and growth. The paper proposes a sustainable, gender based and inclusive human resource development initiative.

Social history, often called the new social history, is a broad branch of history that studies the experiences of ordinary people in the past. In its "golden age" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s.History is important because it helps us to understand the present. If we will listen to what history has to say, we can come to a sound understanding of the past that will tell us much about the problems we now face. History taught to our children is playing a role in shaping their values and beliefs. This paper examine the responsibility of historians in constructing the faulty, ethnocentric and historical account of the past and contemporary Nigerian State.