Physiology and Anatomy

Breast cancer is the second leading cancer among the women in the world. India is the one of the country having the highest breast cancer patients. In breast cancer patients the glycolysis rate is very high when compare to normal glycolysis rate in normal women. The enzymes like pyruvate kinase, hexokinase, phosphpfructkinase levels are different concentrations among the breast cancer patients. The high rate of glycolysis observed in cancer at anaerobic conditions is known as Warburg effect. The Warburg effect is the enhanced conversion of glucose to lactate observed in tumor cells, even in the presence of normal levels of oxygen. The pyruvate kinase level in tumors are high optimum density values when compared to normal tissues values. The mean values of pyruvate kinse enzyme is 0.278 in tumor tissue and 0.200 in normal tissues. There is a significant effect of haemoglobin on pyruvatekinase values. There may be some significant effect of pyruvate kinase on haemoglobin and vice versa.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We have studied 276 cases in Hyderabad to investigate the persistence of TB and potential threat aspects for condensing TB, within which the positive kinfolk’s history of TB proves to be substantial threat factor. Previously diagnosed patients were poorly obedient to anti-TB treatment. This study focuses the exposure of convicts to TB due to the presence of highly transmittable cases. This study sturdily specified the necessity of an effective treatment program in the broad-spectrum community. This study was conducted in medical units 1of Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro. Out of total, 274 patients studied, majority of the patients were from poor, deprived and lower social class. To control this infection early diagnosis of the disease and its treatment under the supervision is very important.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disorder which is characterised by pain and decreased Range of motion. OA is a disease process of axial and peripheral joints. It is characterized by progressive deterioration and loss of articular cartilage and by reactive bone changes at the margins of the joints and in the sub-chondral bone. It is a progressive disorder of the joints. Knee is the most commonly affected joints. Its management can be pharmacological, non pharmacological or surgical. Amongst the nonpharmacological and surgical management a very important goal of management is correction of the malalignment of the joint. This malalignment is because of improper loading of the knee joint and is responsible for a lot of symptoms and disease progression. This can be done conservatively by bracing, taping and shoe modifications. The purpose of this article is to review the existing conservative methods and techniques available to correct and manage biomechanical malalignments evident in knee osteoarthritis

Any unaccustomed activity especially eccentric exercises leads to features like pain, oedema lack of strength and range of motion in corresponding joints and muscles. These features typically start 8-12 hrs following activity, peaking between 24-48 hrs and lasting 96 hrs or beyond 96 hrs post activity. This phenomenon is called Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and is also known as muscle fever. It was first explained by Theodre Hough(1905) and since then new theories have been postulated to understand it. Physiotherapy is one of the major main stays of its management. Even though pharmacological agents have been researched on efficacy is not well established .Physiotherapy management includes many interventions like cryotherapy, thermotherapy, stretching, exercises, electrical currents, Soft tissue massage. This review is humble attempt to understand the basic mechanisms underlying delayed onset muscle soreness and its management with special emphasis on physiotherapy management.

Platelets play important physiological role in blood and participate primarily in thrombosis and hemostasis. However, they are highly activated in case of obesity and therefore contribute to the thrombosis and hemostasis. Obesity and MtS result into the thrombosis and hemostasis. Thus this work studies about how these adipokines and cytokines affect the platelets activity in obesity could help us in developing precise intervention to counter the obesity related vascular insufficiency.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of mortality all over the world. Smokeless tobacco contains higher quantities of nicotine than most cigarettes. Over the past few decades the use of tobacco among women of reproductive ages has increased. Exposure to the toxins present in the tobacco interferes with the endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis and uterine blood flow. 30 adult female Swiss albino rats were randomly selected. They were divided into three groups (n=10 each). Group A was kept as control. Experimental groups B&C consisted of rats which were given 5 % & 10% of smokeless tobacco in their feed respectively. Feed and water were given ad libitum. On 31stday the animals were sacrificed. Uterus of all the animals were removed and weighed. The tissues were processed for histological examination under light microscopy using H & E and Trichrome stains. A significant decrease in the weight of the uterus was observed (P value ? 0.001). The histological changes in the uterus of experimental groups revealed severe cystically dilated sub mucosal glands. Endometrial glands also showed marked atrophy (P value ? 0.001). From this study it can be concluded that the smokeless form of tobacco causes adverse effects on the endometrium of the female Swiss albino rats. Long term use of this form of tobacco may lead to adverse reproductive outcomes or other pathological conditions of uterus.

The Madarsa system of education has been an important institution for education in India. However, the relevance of the system to import education as per the changing needs of the society has been still a debate topic in India. The majority of the Muslim girls are illiterate and low educated while their living conditions are poor. Moreover, most of the Muslim families cannot afford modern education and thus they are forced to send their wards to traditional educational institutions where fee charges are normal or free education is being provided. Which also correlates imdirectly to their quality of life. The government has realize the weakness of the system in terms of expediently to provide education to Muslim children which relevant from day to day needs of the society as result government has initiative Madrasa modernization programme. Many Scholorship and fellowship programmes have been redesigned to bring it at par with mainstream educational system in the country. Scholarships to the students of Madrasas are being provided to enhance their goodself. In the light of these facts the present study is designed to explore the impact of financial aid as scholarships on educational attainment & quality of life amongst muslim adolescent girls in Madrasas. The present study is empirical in nature and based on mainly primary data. The field survey has been conducted in 3 districts of Uttar Pradesh. The sample covers Gonda, Rampur and Aligarh districts from Uttar Pradesh. In each Institution 15 scholarship awarded students have been randomly selected and interviewed. The sample size includes 3 districts, 20 Institutions and 300 adolescent girls. Our survey highlights that the scholarships significantly affect the educational attainment and their quality of life. Government tried their best to enhance the educational standard of Muslim girls. For this purpose government initiated scholarship programmes to uplift the status of Muslim adolescent girls in the society.

Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compact, whose diagnosis is based on the presence of a hard-bradicinetic syndrome, resting tremor, postural instability, akinesia and festination gait. This study aimed to investigate, from functional activity tests, postural stability and balance of patients with PD. The sample comprised 34 volunteers, divided into two groups, Parkinson Group, composed of 17 patients with clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD and Control Group with 17 healthy subjects without musculoskeletal disturbances. Balance and postural stability were assessed in both groups by using functional activity tests: Figure 8 test, Timed Up and Go test, sit and lift, bearings, Turning 360º, Functional Reach Test and Berg Balance Scale. The mean age of Parkinson Group and Control Group was respectively 64.11±10.7 and 60.47±8.53 (p=.42). Control Group obtained better results in the performance of tests: Figure 8 (p=.0003), Timed Up and Go (p=.0001), bearing (p=.0002), Functional Reach Test (p=.029) and Berg Balance Scale (p=.0001) between the groups. The outcomes of this study confirm that both balance impaired and loss of mobility are among the main consequences of PD.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione dismutase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSSH) in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. Study Design: Case control study Place & Duration: Department of Medicine, Jinnah Post Graduate and Medical Centre, JPMC, Karachi from October 2013 to February 2014 Subjects & Methods: 50 normal adult controls and 70 newly diagnosed T2DM were included as per criteria. Blood samples were collected for analysis of blood glucose; HbA1c, MDA, SOD, GPX, CAT and GSSH. SPSS 21.0 was used for data analysis (p- ? 0.05). Results: MDA was significantly elevated in diabetics 5.9 ± 1.9 compared to controls 4.7± 2.8 µmol/ml respectively (p=0.01) and anti oxidant enzymes- SOD, GPX, CAT and GSSH were reduced in diabetics compared to controls (p=0.0001) Glycated HbA1c and Blood glucose (R) showed positive association with MDA (r = 0.355 and p= 0.026). Conclusion: The serum MDA levels were observed significantly high in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics with low anti oxidant enzymes. Antioxidants may be prescribed to newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics to halt the vascular complications. Key words: Malondialdehyde Superoxide dismutase Glutathione peroxidase Catalase Glycated HbA1 Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly. There are very few documented cases of adults presenting with bladder exstrophy in literature as well as its management which is poor and limited to retrospective studies of small number of cases. Malignant potential of the exstrophied bladder mucosa is well known. Sixty percent of cancers in ectopic bladder occur during fourth and fifth decade of life, majority being adenocarcinoma. This disorder is not only a psychological, social and professional handicap in adults but surgical difficulties also top-up its particular aspect owing to difficulty in parietal closure with frequent use of osteotomy, and rare chances of bladder preservation. We report herein a case of squamous cell carcinoma of exstrophied bladder in a 34-year-old male patient whom due to poor response neoadjuvant chemotherapy underwent radical cystoprostatectomy, urinary diversion with a cutaneous ureterostomy and reconstruction of hypogastric region. He is on a frequent follow up. The case is being reported on account of its rarity. Pertinent literature is being reviewed.