Nanotechnology

Today’s pulp and paper industry is rapidly becoming a globalized industry which belongs to the Red category that is positioning itself to deliver low-cost, high-value, fiber-based products to consumers. Employing advanced chemical- and mechanical-based technologies. pulp, paper, and tissue manufacturers have sought to provide high-quality consumer. To overcome the challenges, new synthetic nonrenewable materials have been developed that have now begun to challenge the traditional dominance paper products has had in many applications. This paper will review emerging developments of these technologies and how these new research avenues will change paper from a pass. This presentation deals the vital role of Nano technology in pulp and paper manufacturing sector.

In this work we have demonstrated an experimental study and theoretical analysis of the effect of power intensity of illumination on the SnO2/n-Si Hetero-junction devices that irradiated with 150 min. (Cs 137) Gamma ray. The (J-V) characteristic was plotted as function of power intensity of illumination (1.95, 2.88, 3.78, 5.9, and 9.5) mw/cm2. This was shown increase in efficiency of this device until reach maximum efficiency at 9.5 mw/cm2 which represent optimal case. Theoretical analysis of this processes achieve by using “Table Curve 2D version 5.01” program leading to estimate theoretical modeling equation Y= a + b x +c ex We calculate these parameters (a, b, and c) as function of power intensity and testing the equation for power intensity (4 and 8 mw/cm2). Theoretical (J- V) curves are plotted with experimental data, there is a good agreement between them and the behavior of these two curves contain linear term and exponential term.

Silver nanoparticles dispersed in water in presence of trisodium citrate have been prepared and characterised. Aqueous solutions of silver nitrate and trisodium citrate were mixed in various proportions and heated at 30oC for 3 hours. The nanoparticles of silver dispersed in water in presence trisodium citrate were characterised by UV-visible absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction, EDX, and SEM. Nano-silver dispersed in water based nanofluids may used to increase thermal conductivity of fluids.

In this study, we have demonstrated that haemoglobin can be coupled to acid-treated multiwall carbon nanotubes in the presence of 1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and assembled as haemoglobin–carbon nanotube (Hb–CNT) composites. Our observations of the electrochemical studies demonstrate that the electrochemical response of Hb–CNT assembled in the presence of EDC is much higher than that in the absence of EDC. It is evident that the direct electron transfer of haemoglobin could be effectively accelerated in the Hb–CNT assembly by using EDC on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and the relative electron transfer rate constant Ks is found to be 1.02 ± 0.05 s?1. The results of our studies illustrate that the assembly of haemoglobin–multiwall carbon nanotubes using EDC could provide a novel strategy to effectively facilitate the direct electrochemistry of heme-containing proteins, which could be further utilized as a promising biosensor for some specific biological substrate and related biological process.

Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and Lithium doped Nickel Oxide nanoparticles at two different concentrations 0.01M, 0.02M were synthesized through co-precipitation method. From XRD analysis it is observed that all the three samples exhibit FCC cubic structure and the incorporation of lithium decreases the crystallite size with increase in the Li doping concentration. Optical absorption spectra reveal that the energy gap increases from 3.8 eV to 3.98 eV with increasing lithium doping concentration. The Photoluminescence spectra show that the PL intensity increases with increase in lithium content. The SEM images clearly show an agglomeration of nanoparticles and snowflake-like morphology. Cyclic voltammetry characterization was carried out for all the three samples to study electrochemical activity. The magnetic property of the samples was studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).

Metal oxides play a very important role in many areas of chemistry, physics and materials science.  The metal elements are able to form a large diversity of oxide compounds.  These can adopt a vast number of structural geometries with an electronic structure that can exhibit metallic, semiconductor or insulator character. In technological applications, oxides are used in the fabrication of microelectronic circuits, sensors, Piezo-electric devices, fuel cells, coatings for the passivation of surfaces against corrosion, and as catalysts. In the emerging field of nanotechnology, a goal is to make nanostructures or nanoarrays with special properties with respect to those of bulk or single particle species.  Oxide nanoparticles can exhibit unique physical and chemical properties due to their limited size and a high density of corner or edge surface sites. Amomg the metal oxides,  Magnesium oxide (MgO) is widely used in the chemical industry as a scrubber for air pollutant gases (CO₂, NO_X, SO_X) and as a catalyst support.  It exhibits a rock salt structure like oxides of other alkaline earth metals.  The non-polar (100) face is by far the most stable surface,  and particles of MgO usually display a cubic shape. For example, when Mg metal is burned in air or oxygen, the MgO smoke particles that are formed are almost perfect cubes having (100) faces.

Spherical shaped CuO nanocrystals were successfully synthesized by sol–gel technique. Triethanolamine (TEA) used as a capping agent to control the size, morphology and optical properties of the CuO nanocrystals. Evolution of structure, surface morphology and optical absorption analysis of these nanocrystals were studied using UV–Visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). UV–Visible technique used to measure the band gap of TEA capped CuO nanocrystals having good optical property compared than uncapped CuO nanocrystals in the synthesized samples. The FT-IR study of transmittance peaks at 502 cm-1,603 cm-1 and 674 cm-1 were Cu-O stretching mode, and 677 cm-1 has been Cu-O monoclinic phase of the uncapped CuO nanocrystals. In addition the transmittance peaks at 502 cm-1, 583 cm-1 have been Cu-O Stretching mode and 784 cm-1 are Cu-O monoclinic phase of the Triethanolamine capped CuO nanocrystals.

Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) thin films supported on glass substrates have been fabricated by employing Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) technique. Precursor solution for the spraying was prepared by placing NH4F and SnCl2.2H2O at a weight ratio of 1 to 9 in a solution of acetic acid ? and distilled water. Three films of different thicknesses were prepared corresponding to spray times of 10, 20, and 30 minutes, resulting in 13, 22, and 45 nm thick films. The optical, structural, morphological, and electrical properties of the fabricated films have been investigated. X-ray diffraction studies revealed a polycrystalline fluorine-tin oxide phase with monoclinic crystalline structure, predominantly with (201), (130), (222), and (510) oriented films. The measured sheet resistances of the films were 38 ?/cm, 150 ?/cm, and 300 ?/cm and the highest measured optical transmittance in the visible range were 87.4%, 70% , and 36% respectively.