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The current study considers the HRM practice as it represents an essential practice for the organizations of developing countries and importantly, it is the most basic approach of HRM practice for the public sector. The current study focuses on HRM practices due to their relevant importance for the organizations of the developing countries. Similar to public sector organizations, PNA organizations employed those particular HRM practice that are similar to public sector organizations practice. PNA organizations really employed those necessary HRM dimensions which generally conducted in similar developing countries organizations. HRM practices are considered to be the most challenging aspects for developing countries. PNA organizations were established to provide services for citizens, to achieve the goals of the PNA. The PNA organizations have been operating under difficult conditions and have established their unique characteristics. Thus, the HRM practices in Palestine has become unique, and a challenging experience. Thus, it becomes clear that the success of the PNA organizations depends on its ability to realize a sustainable HR. Accordingly, the solution to these PNA challenges commences with well-defined HRM processes.

Chidambaram coastal zone is covered by Survey of India Toposheet no 58 M / 15 and it is the part of southeast coast of India. During evolution of coastal zone of India was affected many natural hazards like storms, cyclones, floods and tsunami. December 2004 Tsunami was severely affected geomorphology of study area. The present study deal with land use and land cover classification and demarcation of changes in it by the help of Landsat satellite data (1973 and 2009). On the basis of analysis of land use class, we find that built up area class is fastest growing class from 1973 to 2009 and it flow the same trend after 2009. The fastest growth of built up class is result of population explosion and urbanization. The impact of these growths is inversely related to forest class. The dominant land use category is crop land and covered 15.22% of total land in 1973. The present study shows that GIS and remote sensing techniques can play important role for making better planning and rational use of natural resources in future.

Traditional linear industries led to dwindling resources and even exhaustion, as well as environment pollution, it is a short-sighted unsustainable development mode of the economy. Industry ecology is to realize the harmonious development between economy and nature ecology by planning industrial systems according to material cycle in the natural ecological system, and to establish the circular economy mode of “resources-products-renewable resources”. There are strong similarities between the enterprises in an industrial eco-system and organisms in a natural eco-system, the paper first conducts a comparison of the natural eco-system and the industrial eco-system in several features, such as diversity, cyclic orientation and food chains, then discusses the functional benefits of an industrial eco-system in environment, economy and society, after that this paper points out that industry ecology is conducive to completely change the current way of economic growth mode, it is one kind of ecological economy pattern and a sustainable economic development model.

Nitrate and nitrite are naturally occurring ions that are ubiquitous in the environment. Both are products of the oxidation of nitrogen ( which comprises roughly 78% of the atmosphere) by micro-organisms in plants, soil or water and to a lesser extent by electrical discharges such as lightening. After a period of time, the nitrates seep into the water table. This is a concern primarily for those whose household water source is a well rather than their city. Nitrates can cause cancer in humans, when consumed over a period of time. The objective of this study is investigation and determination of nitrate, nitrite and other physico-chemical parameters of Southern Bijapur district. 30 samples of water were analysed for pH, TGS, Total hardness, alkalinity, nitrate and nitrites. The southern part of Bijapur district had more than the maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) for nitrate in drinking water. It was concluded that nitrate contents in drinking water was found to be 8.0 to 392 mg/L.

The reduction of fix and variable costs has significant impacts on proper machinery management. To measure the effects of new machinery management on fuel and oil consumption, a study was conducted using empirical data on eight Massey Ferguson 399 model agricultural tractors at Amir-Kabir agro-industry, Iran in 2011. The performance of Nano?-Diamond additive oil was compared with conventional oils. Results were shown that naturally low coefficient of friction combined with excellent chemical inertness made these additives very attractive in a wide range of applications in engine oils. Also, results shown : 21% and 25% reduction in fuel and oil consumption, respectively where Nano?-Daimond additives was applied in oil and consequently a reduction of pollution was measured on engine exhausts. The use of Nano?-Daimond oil shown a better performance for the reduction of fuel and oil on tractor engines’ costs by 14% where compared to the conventional oil.?

Unit root tests used to examine non stationarity in a series at times give misleading results if possible structural breaks in the series are ignored. This study examined the presence of unit root in REER in India in the presence of structural breaks in the post reform period by using recent endogenous structural break unit root test. The results of the study reveal that there is no unit root in REER implying that it follows mean reversion.

Literature is most commonly used to refer to words of creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction and non-fiction. It is the body of written works of a language, period or culture. Literature is a mirror of life as well as a tool which writers use to mirror and reflect their societies. It has become a means of self expression, an avenue through which the realities of human conditions are brought to limelight. In other words, the literature of any given society is a reflection of the socio-political, economic as well as the religious background of the society. These points out the idea that literature does not exist in a vacuum rather it is from the real life events, experiences and issues in our contemporary society. In this regard, one can assert that what writers put together and blend in their work, under the powers of imagination and creative ingenuity is only a collection of real life events, facts and ideas from their own world. Writers concern themselves with socio-political, economic and religious issues prevalent in their society. This paper studies Realism in some selected works of writers. The authors under study are Asika Ikechukwu and Jane Austen. The works are Follow the River and Pride and Prejudice. The aim of the study is to determine and expose how these writers gleaned and selected their materials from real life events, in order to buttress it as part of its contribution. This shows how literature and creative works of many writers is nothing but a project of their real life situation and experiences or of those probably close to them. From the study, the researcher gathered and analyzed how man's inhumanity, class consciousness, materialism and poverty among other real life vices, provided materials with which these authors created their fictitious works, experiences and ideas.

Table of contents for the month of August 2018

Table of contents for the month of March 2019

This paper was taken the loss and risk concepts, the objective of this paper is to estimate the loss and the risk in the Bayes method, as illustrated in the related case Where the prior distribution of the random variable is discrete and continuous, it applied on crop sales data in the continuous case, while it applied by two examples in the discrete case. Then the estimator of the loss function is the mean posterior distribution of the random variable, so it’s the same with median posterior distribution, hence is also the Bayes estimator with respect to a loss function equal to absolute deviation. The Bayes risk is a real value is the average of the loss function, so the smallest estimator who is the best estimator of the Bayes risk.