Linguistics & Translation

Of the four skills of language, speaking skill in English is the one that gets least attention in the curriculum at Schools and Universities. Teaching and learning a second language is a great challenge to both the facilitator and the learner. This paper investigates the reasons for ineffective oral communication of engineering students. Two tasks (Personal Interview and Group Discussion) are introduced in this experimental study to know their proficiency level in oral communication. And a short description of the objectives of testing speaking skill, author’s responsibility, research design, findings, pedagogical implications and conclusion are discussed. Hoping, it will also help the teachers’ community to incorporate it in teaching and learning process.

The study of translation has increasingly drawn the attention of more scholars in the last few decades. The translation process has been reduced to different forms of analysis at one time or the other (see Catford, 1965; Uwajeh, 1994, 2001, 2007, etc) in an attempt to explain the hierarchical relationship at which translation equivalence may be achievable. Recently, however, more studies have shown that the existing four ranks/levels are not enough to successfully show the process that is involved in translation practice generally. This paper seeks to show one of these inadequacies as evident in the translation of euphemistic expressions in ?do. An additional level is, herein, proposed to be added to the existing four levels to give a five-level translation model. This paper is therefore, an improvement on the existing model and it is hoped that it will help in making the process of translation better understood in modern Linguistics.

Cultural aspects devote a degree of significant importance in translation studies to themselves. This research tries to shed light on three important notions: culture, translation and children's literature (ChL). Translating cultural items has always been a delicate matter for translation scholars; however, translating these items in ChL makes the work more sensitive. The main purpose of the researcher in this study is to focus on the strategies applied by two Persian translators, namely; Hasan Honarmandi and Zoya Pirzaad, when facing CSIs in rendition of the book "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". Having discovered 150 CSIs in the book and having sorted them according to Newmark's five categories for CSIs, the researcher found out that "cultural equivalent" was employed more frequently than the other translation strategies by the translators. Finally, by calculating the number of total strategies applied by the translators, the researcher identified that they were inclined toward domestication rather than foreignization in their translations of the book.

The research was about “The use of English language in teaching and learning of content subjects in selected schools in kicukiro district–Rwanda: implications, challenges and prospects” The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of that new policy on the quality of teaching and learning, problems that affect teaching learning process, solutions and strategies to enhance the said policy. The researcher had used questionnaires and classroom observations as instruments for data collection, stratified random sampling as sampling procedures. The findings showed that the use of English language as the only medium of instruction policy plays a great impact on the effectiveness of teaching and learning. It enhances the better mastery of English language. It also enhances the teaching learning process. On the other hand, English language used as the only medium of instruction discourages the use of a set of languages like Kinyarwanda, French and Swahili among others. The research highlighted a number of problems facing the implementation of the policy like lack of enough adequate materials like English textbooks and English books for specific purposes, lack of enough background knowledge in English language on the side of the learners and lack of enough qualified teachers. As strategies to enhance the using English language as the only medium of instruction, the results of the study showed that more trainings about using English language policy as the only medium for both primary and secondary school teachers, supply of English language books specific to various areas of study, the use of English language in all school activities should enhance the use of English language as the only medium of instruction.

Learning and teaching a second language is always considered a big issue and has been a great problem for the learners and teachers in rural areas schools. Present study aims to explore some strategies for learning a second language like English which has a second language status in Pakistan. It tries to suggest some strategies which are useful and helpful in learning a second language. Moreover, all the essential information and material for this study about learning a second language strategies was obtained through rural elementary school level students enrolled in an English language class. The task and lists of words which were applied on in students are presented in the form of tables as well as the results are also shown in the form of table. This study is designed to know the role and the effect of the use of different strategies on learners in the learning and acquisition of second language.

The English language teaching tradition has been subjected to a tremendous change, especially throughout the twentieth century. Perhaps more than any other discipline, this tradition has been practiced, in various adaptations, in language classrooms all around the world for centuries. While the teaching of Maths or Physics, has, to a greater or lesser extent, remained the same, this is hardly the case with English or language teaching in general. In the Western world back in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, foreign language learning was associated with the learning of Latin and Greek, both supposed to promote their speakers' intellectuality (Cercignani, 1981). At the time, it was of vital importance to focus on grammatical rules, syntactic structures, along with rote memorisation of vocabulary and translation of literary texts. There was no provision for the oral use of the languages under study; after all, both Latin and Greek were not being taught for oral communication but for the sake of their speakers' becoming "scholarly?" or creating an illusion of "erudition." Late in the nineteenth century, the Classical Method came to be known as the Grammar Translation Method, which offered very little beyond an insight into the grammatical rules attending the process of translating from the second to the native language (Malloy, 2005).

This study attempted to shed some light on the effect of rubric-referenced peer assessment on EFL learners’ speaking skill and on the cultivating the learners’ awareness of having appropriate criteria for speaking, as one of the four major skills. This study explored the effect of rubrics on peer assessment of 18 Iranian EFL learners. First, learners assessed their classmates speaking performance based on their own presuppositions and assumptions. Subsequently, a spoken language rubric was introduced to them. They re-assessed their classmates’ performances through using this rubric. Quantitative data analysis revealed significant difference between the results. In-depth qualitative analyses of comments and marginal notes written down by learners revealed that peers heed not only to institutional components specified in scoring scales but also to other irrelevant criteria such as the result of the speech act performed.The study has suggested that the use of a combination of peer assessment and rubric-referenced assessment encourages students to become more rationally responsible and reflective and has shown positive formative effects on student achievement and attitudes. The article concludes with some guidelines for practitioners.The findings of this study also provide insight into the effective assessment and recommendations for future research and practice are made.

The present paper analyses words and phrases in sexual discourse among university students in Kenya in order to determine men’s patriarchal language attitudes. Using Foucault’s (1978) theory of discourse analysis and Feminist Theory, the study shows power differences in male and female sexual discourse. Results revealed that males use powerful language which promotes patriarchal tendencies. This paper may help reduce exploitation and discrimination of women.

In the present world scenario, in most of the places, people have been using English (American, British, Australian, etc) for business communication. There are a few pockets in this world, where English is not spoken. But, majority of the people in the world speak, read, and write English; they also use it to further their business needs, skills, and requirements. People who are from non-native English speaking countries need to learn this language separately as their second language, whereas native speakers, whose first language is English ,not only speak it fluently since their childhoods but also it in their day - to - day inter action. Interest in learning-strategies began with the publication of papers col1ctiveIy known as the ?good language 1earner” studies (Cohen & 998). Since then, hundreds of studies have been generated that lock at different aspects of learning-strategies and their roles in second 1anguage learning.

Metaphors are ubiquitous in language. When researching metaphor in everyday language, metaphor researchers firstly need to identify metaphor in everyday language. One way is that metaphor researchers turn to naturally-occurring language. The metaphoric language used in everyday language reveals the ideology of the specific historical period of society. In this respect, colour plays an important role in convention metaphorical expressions in people's lives and daily communication. As a sub-category of metaphors, colour terms are widely used literally and metaphorically in different languages and may also reflect cultural identities of language users. Taking cognitive linguistics into account (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999), the present study aimed to investigate the metaphorical link which accounts for connotative meanings that is ascribed to colour terms. To do so, we collected Persian instances from some Persian dictionaries. The findings of this endeavor show that cultural orientations play a significant role in colour connotations in Persian, and subsequently filtering the relevant connotations of a particular metaphor.