Biosciences

The production of full fat yoghurt from full cream milk enhanced with ginger extract and sodium benzoate with a view to improve its nutritional quality and shelf life was carried out. The pH of the yoghurt samples were determined, as incubation time increased the pH of the samples reduced. The yoghurt with 5000mg/L of sodium benzoate had the lowest pH of 4.2, while yoghurt with ginger extract had the highest pH of 4.8. The organoleptic evaluation was conducted by ten panel members to assess: appearance, sourness, consistency, aroma, taste and general acceptance; yoghurt with ginger was rated the best and the most acceptable. Proximate analysis was carried out to evaluate nutritional composition such as: crude protein, fiber, fat, moisture and ash contents; yoghurt with ginger extract had the highest protein content of 10.44% while the control sample had the lowest (3.59%). Also, the control sample had the highest fat content of 3.71% while yoghurt with ginger extract had the lowest (1.58%). The shelf life of the four yoghurt samples were monitored and the control had the lowest shelf life of three weeks, followed by yoghurt with 2500mg/L of sodium benzoate had shelf life of eight weeks, while the yoghurt with ginger extract and yoghurt with 5000mg/L of sodium benzoate had the highest shelf life of three months. Lactic acid bacteria and non-lactics isolates were isolated from the yoghurt. The isolates were characterized and identified as Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Bacillus subtilis. The total bacteria colony count of each of the samples was monitored for four weeks and the control sample had the microbial load of 2.0 x 104 in the first week after production and increased to >6.0 x 107 in the fourth week. The ginger preserved cheese had the lowest microbial load of 2.0 x 102 in the first week and increased to 5.0 x105 in the fourth week. Therefore, the high cost and side effect of chemical preservatives could be overcome by the application of biological preservatives particularly ginger extract which added to the nutritional value of the yoghurt, it also demonstrated a good preservative property.

Various diseases of the oral cavity can be diagnosed from the oral fluids. Such diagnosis can be imagined because our medical field has progressed in many ways. One of the major progress can be visualized in the area of detection of diseases using saliva. The important diagnostic materials present in saliva such as salivary biomarkers, not only guide in the detection of oral diseases but can be used to evaluate the systemic diseases. This article is a review of the earlier studies which discusses about the different kind of biomarkers present in saliva and their role in diagnosing various diseases and conditions. Therefore, saliva is the promising aid in the diagnosis of chronic periodontal disease1

In the present investigation the methanol extract of the flowers of the medicinal plant Couroupita guianensis was evaluated for its antimicrobial efficacy and phytochemical contents. The results of the antimicrobial activity showed effective inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio mimicus, and Proteus vulgaris. Moderate antimicrobial activity was recorded against E.coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the flower extract of this plant showed the presence of phytoconstituents such as carbohydrates, protein, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, reducing sugar and triterpenoids. The alkaloids present in the crude flower extracts of this plant Couroupita guianensis is profoundly expected for its potential antimicrobial activity.

Levels of proximate and amino acid compositions were determined in Maggot meal (MM), Earthworm meal (EM) and Soybean meal (SM). Maggot meal was best in Ile, Leu, Lys, Try, Asp, Cys and Pro whereas Earth worm meal was best in Arg, His, Met, Phe, Val, Glu, Ser and Tyr while Soybean meal was only best in Gly,  when compared on pair-wise basis. The total amino acid contents were: Maggot meal (58.4g/100g crude protein), Earthworm meal (56.3g/100g crude protein) and Soybean meal (34.9g/100g crude protein) and an average of 49.9g/100g crude protein with respective essential amino acids of 34.5g/100g crude protein, 31.4g/100g crude protein and 18.3g/100gcrude protein. The Predicted Protein Efficiency Ratio (P-PER) levels were: 2.16 (Maggot meal), 1.45 (Earthworm meal) and 1.14 (Soybean meal). On average basis, the limiting amino acid based on whole hen’s egg amino acid scoring pattern and Provisional amino acids scoring pattern was threonine. However, significant differences occurred between Maggot meal/Earthworm meal (MM/EM), Maggot meal/Soybean meal (MM/SM), Quality of amino acid (QAA) of Maggot meal/ Earthworm meal (MM/EM) and Maggot meal/ Soybean meal (MM/SM) at r = 0.05 and n-2 degree of freedom. When comparing the quality of amino acids of feedstuffs on pair wise basis, the coefficients of alienation (C_A) were fairly low (24.0 - 40.7%), meaning that there is a better relationship between them while on the other hand the Index of Forecasting Efficiency (IFE) values were very high (59.4 – 76.0%) indicating that the error of prediction was very low. The three feedstuffs could then be compounded in other to employ them in feed formulation for fish, poultry and other animals.

The various processing treatments like soaking, germination, boiling, steaming, roasting and fermentation are known to affect the chemical composition and improve the nutritive value of foods. Hence the present study was planned with the objectives to optimize the processing conditions and to study the effect of optimized conditions on total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and FTIR spectra of kodo millet. The optimum time for soaking, boiling, steaming, roasting, germination and fermentation was determined by analysing the changes in moisture content, equivalent diameter, bulk density, reducing sugar and total sugar content. The optimally processed kodo millet was analysed for its total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and FTIR spectra for identification of unknown polyphenolic compounds. Result revealed that kodo millet could be soaked for 76-78 hours, boiled/steamed for 25-30 minutes, roasted for 15-20 minutes, fermented for 48 hours at 37°C and germinated for 72 hours at 37°C and 50% RH optimally. The various processing methods significantly affected the total polyphenol content. Among the processed samples, the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity was noted in germinated and boiled grain respectively. FTIR spectral analysis revealed the presence of polyphenolic compounds especially with mono substituted benzene ring in all processing conditions.

In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed with three classes of population namely, susceptible, incubated and infected. The incubation period is defined as the time from exposure to onset of viral disease, and when limited to infectious viral disease, corresponds to the time from infection with a microorganism to symptom development. Immunity(natural or caused by vaccination) plays an important role in recovery of a disease, due to strong immunity a portion of incubated class rejoins susceptible class without being infected. The stability behavior of the trivial, disease free and endemic steady states are studied, it is found that the instability of disease free state leads to the existence of the endemic state. The possibility of Hopf-bifurcation of the endemic equilibrium is studied, considering the transfer rate from susceptible to incubated population as bifurcation parameter. Finally, a threshold value of bifurcation parameter is determined numerically for a particular set of parameters.

African mistletoe (Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich) Tieghem) is a hemi –plant parasite belonging to the family Loranthaceae. It grows as a partial parasite on the branches of many trees and has various ethnomedicinal uses. Qualitative screening of extracts obtained from 10 different host species in (Fadama Area) Birnin-Kebbi Local Government, Kebbi State revealed the presence of biologically active compounds. Quantitatively. Presence or distribution of phytochemical substances in T. globiferus appeared to be partly dependent on the host plant species. The current study is aimed to make aware about the presence of certain bioactive compounds in plants which attribute them medicinal values & can provide alternative pathway for the replacement of synthetic drugs. Effort should be directed to the phytochemical screening and pharmacological potentials of T. globiferus in order to unlock the full medicinal potentials of the species.

A survey on fungal diseases shows that vaginal yeast infection is most common fungal disease in Raipur city. A general survey on vaginal infections or urinary tract disorders showed that 75% of ladies suffer from vulvovaginal Candidiasis at some point in their life time. Though Vaginitis is usually not a serious disease but it can be annoying and uncomfortable. The main objective of this paper is to get acquainted with the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment procedure with some home remedies involved in Vaginitis and to study the main fungus responsible for this disease Candida albicans. As 8 out of 10 women in India according to WebMD and other parts of country get this infection and sometimes if not properly diagnosed takes a serious form which is more dangerous. During survey it was found that 40% of women report to their doctors and 20% of women go for self medications. This infection is less common in girls before puberty and post menopaused women. It is common in women of reproductive age group between 20- 45 years and therefore reproductive hormones, particularly estrogen, is thought to enhance the proliferation and attachment of Candida to the vaginal inner lining. Sometimes however, thrust can occur in post menopausal women if they have uncontrolled diabetes, hormones replacement therapy, severe chronic disease or if they use antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents or Tamoxifer a drug used in breast cancer. Hence it is very important to recognize and differentiate the symptoms and consult your physician. Vaginal yeast infections can be cured with proper diagnosis and treatment. At present time it is not possible to predict reoccurrence of this disease but a comprehensive management plan incorporating medical and immunological care remains the most likely means of providing long term disease control for yeast Vaginitis.

Many previous studies have linked both DM, especially T2DM as well as altered liver function to CVD.Uncontrolled DM is said to affect cardiac function. This study was undertaken on non-hospitalised T2DM patients (both males and females) to find out if liver enzymes and HbA1c are associated to cardiac function by linking their associations to individual lipid profile tests.In all patients comprising of a total of 50, significant associations of both negative and positive were observed between each liver enzyme and HbA1c analyte studied to individual lipid profile tests at a p value ranging from <0.05 to < 0.001 justifying that both liver and DM are associated to cardiac function. While ?-GT and HbA1c showed associations to TC, TGs and VLDL-c in the case of males, females showed associations to all analytes compared to all lipid profile parameters at p ranging from <0.08 to <0.01.The outcome the results in this study strongly recommends that to assess cardiac functions in T2DM patients, along with lipid profile, the clinicians should occasionally recommend HbA1c as well as liver enzymes as additional package tests. More studies are needed in this filed to arrive at a consensus package tests related to both DM and liver function to do occasionally in all T2DM patients attending Cardiology clinics.

Scalar Energy proposes getting energy from nothing-energy from vacuum. It is also called zero point energy. Scalar energy was discovered in the 19th century theoretically and practically. However its uses towards the organism body have only come to existence over the past few years. Scalar energy not only protects the body from the effect of harmful radiation, but it also enhances the body's energy level of each cell, bio electric field and may stop the spread of harmful all diseases. It can help to harmonize organism body’s life-force by absorbing heat energy and transforming it into bio-energy which helps your body’s metabolic functions achieve holistic wellness, in other words it helps to balance overall body functions. Wear it as a volcanic stone around your neck or carry it in your pocket. The scalar energy from the Quantum scalar stone works outwardly and within the body. Outwardly scalar energy enhances the body’s bio-field, this helps to repel negative energies such as EMFs. Inwardly it works to facilitate cell permeability and thereby enhances the many physiological functions of the cells in the body; this can be witnessed by live blood cell microscopy tests. In the present investigation it is proved that increased the biochemical protein and glycogen content of fish, if the fish treated with scalar energy for about 21 days.