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Benzene is mainly used as an intermediate to make other chemicals; its mostly widely-produced derivatives include styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics . Benzene is also used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs and pesticides. Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires. At one time, chlorobenzene is the main precursor for the manufacture of phenol. The major use of chlorobenzene is an intermediate in the production of commodities such as herbicides, dyestuffs, and rubber. Chlorobenzene is also used as high-boiling solvent in many industrial applications as well as in the laboratory . As a continuation of the recent studies on structural and theoretical investigations of some substituted benzene derivatives, the main aspects of this investigation are: Structural analysis, molecular geometries and vibrational spectra of penta chloro nitrobenzene (PCNB) are calculated by applying density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio (HF) computations and thermodynamical parameters, NBO , NLO and Mulliken Charge analyses have been used to give more information regarding charge transfer within the molecules. Thermo dynamical properties like entropy, heat capacity, zero-point vibrational energy and Mulliken’s charge analysis have been calculated for PCNB. The most possible interaction is explained using nature bond orbital (NBO) analysis and the potential compound of non-linear optics (NLO) demands the investigation of its structural and bonding features contributing the hyperpolarizability. Keywords: FTIR; FT-Raman; HF and DFT; Mulliken charges; NBO; NLO *Corresponding author. Tel.:+919443189328, E-mail address: jjmarivu@yahoo.co.in

Pronunciation is one of the most important skills in English language instruction because it impacts learners' communicative competence and performance. If speakers have very bad pronunciation, their speech will not be understandable to the listeners. This paper examines some of the important issues of English pronunciation instruction. The goals of this paper are to review the history of English pronunciation instruction, discuss the aim of English pronunciation instruction and explain the importance of English pronunciation instruction. The review of literature indicates that teachers should be aware of the aim and significance of pronunciation instruction and if they want to teach pronunciation well they should be taught in EFL pronunciation instruction.

Nowadays, literacy is one of the major challenges that society has been faced, especially in developing countries and on the other hand literacy and learning science are considered as important factors in social, economic, and cultural development of anyone. In this regard, the institution of education in the community can have an inevitable role in the education of the people. Teacher as an influential factor in education can play a unique role in the activities of the Literacy Movement. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the role of teachers in the education of illiterates in community and the reason of their lack of participation in this process. The methodology of this study is functional based on the purpose and based on the nature, is descriptive - analytical. This study used documental and field studies to gather data. In order to achieve the objectives of this study in field studies a questionnaire has been used to gather data. The population of this study are teachers of Shabankareh (385 people). 193 teachers was selected based on Cochran formula and the random sampling method, for example, then the questionnaire was distributed among the target teachers and collected data were analyzed based on SPSS software (Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the hypothesis of the test) and finally recommendations and solutions have been presented to achieve the optimal level of educating the illiterate in society. The results of this study have showed that there is a significant relationship between the lack of proper planning and the participation of teachers in Literacy Movement activities. Given the importance of reducing illiteracy in the society and its role in the comprehensive development of society, the need for proper planning by relevant authorities strongly has been felt.

This paper is projected to cram the antioxidant activities the common leafy vegetables in eastern development zone of Nepal. The sprouts, microgreens and leafy greens of common and tartary buckwheat of Nepalese strains were compared for the phenolic contents and biological activity. The tartary buckwheat samples expressed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the common buckwheat. The sprouts had the highest total phenolic contents (9333.48 ± 150.23 and 6976.21 ± 213.65 mgGAE/100g dw in tartary and common buckwheat, respectively) whereas, the highest total flavonoid content was present in the leafy greens (7635.39 ± 141.40 and 4414.61 ± 70.85 mg RE/100g dw in tartary and common buckwheat respectively). The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results revealed that the tartary buckwheat vegetables had higher rutin, (3800.28 ± 434.41 mg/100g in leafy greens), quercetin (159.75 ± 9.04 mg/100g in sprouts) and chlorogenic acid (293.47 ± 65.06 mg/100g in microgreens) contents than those of common buckwheat. However, other phenolics like vitexin, isovitexin, orientin and isoorientin contents were more abundant in common buckwheat. In biochemical assay, all three types of vegetable of common and tartary buckwheat showed higher antioxidant and ?-glucosidase inhibition effect in dose dependent manner. Based on these results, it can be conformed that all the vegetables (microgreens, sprouts and leafy greens) of both varieties of buckwheat of Nepalese strains can be regarded as a potent sour ce of functional food.They also displayed high total antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the top five potential leafy vegetables consist of both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant(s), the order being I. aquatica> B. campestris> B. alba> P. sativum> and L. siceraria carried out .

The aim of this paper is to present control of voltage magnitude and active power flow by means of a matrix converter. The matrix converter based compensator acts as the power electronic interface connected in series with a transmission line. Such a power system compensator consists of two power transformers and a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter. The compensator adjusts the active power flow on the transmission line and the voltage Magnitude at the bus of the power system. Pulsed Width Modulation (PWM) technique is employed as the switching strategy. Performance of the matrix converter based compensator is evaluated in the Simulink/MATLAB environment.

The amount of wind turbine connected to the power grid has significantly increased during the last decade. This has resulted in essential need to establish grid codes. Previously, wind turbine generators (WTGs) were allowed to be disconnected from the network during any disturbance at the grid side to avoid WTGs from being damaged. However, lately, the transmission system operators (TSOs) require WTGs to be stayed connected to provide support to the grid during fault. This new requirement has been regulated in the new grid codes. In this paper, the super conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit is used to enhance the high voltage ride through (HVRT) capability of DFIG based WTG during voltage swell events at the grid side. Two new grid codes are used to verify the ability of the SMES unit to avoid the WTG from being disconnected from the grid.

This paper was prepared to estimate the current and projected relationship between climate change (rainfall) and variability and the productivity of sorghum under rainfed mechanized farming system in Gadarif State. The study ultilized secondary data covering the period 1940-2014. The data analyzed using descriptive analysis, Bias Correction and Spatial Downscaling (BCSD) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The most important results revealed that an increasing trend of rainfall indicating the evidence of existance of climate change in the State. The study also found that the dry rainfall years affect the productivity of sorghum by reducing it by 4.9 kg/feddan/year and that floody rainfall years leads to decreasing the productivity by 11.3 kg/feddan/year, while the productivity was decreasing by 3.39 kg/feddan/year in normal rainfall years. As with respect the projection to future rainfall and yield, two scenarios based on greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere for the period 2020-2100 were used. The best scenario assumed an RCP of 2.6 and the worst one assumed an RCP of 8.5 .The results of best scenario predicted an expected decrease rainfall by 0.865 mm/year and decrease in crop yield at rate of 1.121 kg/fed/year in case of maximum temperature; and at rate of 0.618 kg/fed/year in case of minimum temperature. The result of the worst scenario predicted an expected decrease in rainfall at the rate of 0.554 mm/year with consequent decline in crop productivity at a rate of 5.235 kg/fed/year in case of maximum temperature and at a rate of 4.844 kg/fed/year in case of minimum temperature. The effect of increase greenhouse gas concentration in future leads to decrease rainfall and decrease yield of sorghum in Gadarif State. 

The role of electronic equipments in the industry has increased tremendously in recent past. With new technologies and techniques being considered in other domains, such as automotive, multimedia communications, mobile applications bring down the cost of the electronic gadgets. As the cost factor controls the reliability and volume issues, there is a need for design and development of low cost, reliable technology for industrial applications. The proposed techniques have been modeled using Verilog HDL and the models have been verified using test benches with a functional coverage of 95%. The results obtained have been compared with MATLAB results, which are considered to be a benchmark. The HDL (Hardware Description Language) code is synthesized using Synopsys Design Compiler targeting 130-nanometer TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) library and target technology. The synthesized netlist obtained for all the adaptive filtering techniques proposed in this research work is taken through physical design flow consisting of Floorplanning, Placement and Routing steps. The results obtained at each step are simulated for the functionality. The final GDSII (Graphical Design Standard II) file is generated for the proposed techniques.. The floor planning, placement and routing of the netlist ensures that the overall size for the entire chip does not exceed by 7.2 square millimeters. The results obtained for adaptive filtering techniques have proven that the complexities in the industrial applications can be met if the design is implemented on ASIC.

In this study the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon subjected to lead nitrate toxicity under three sublethal concentrations (1.66,3.33 and 6.60 mg/L )for 24 hrs, 48 hrs 72 hrs and 96 hrs . The vital organs Muscle and Hepatopancreas were dissected from tiger shrimp and processed for biochemical assay .The results of Lead nitrate treated Shrimp shows a decrease in the level of Protein, Carbohydrate and Lipid comparing to the control Shrimp. The depletion results of Protein in Muscle from 65.22 to 60.45 percent ,Carbohydrate from 15.10 to12.10 percent and Lipid from 09.00 to 06.60 percent, similarly the hapatopancreas shows depletion of protein from57.48 to50.50 percent ,Carbohydrate from 18.57 to 14.42 percent and Lipid shows from 19.20 to 15.86 percent This shows depletion of three biochemical components due to the impact of Lead nitrate toxicity . Impact of Lead nitrate leads to active depletion of biochemical components of protein carbohydrate and Lipid resulting in accelerated metabolism.

There are many changes occurring in higher education in Kenya and the world over. These changes range from a rapid expansion in student enrolments to a proliferation of programmes and institutions offering higher education. Moi University introduced such a programme in 1998. As a result of these developments, there has arisen concern amongst the stakeholders on the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of higher education offered. The paper reports the findings of an investigation carried out in the year 2003 to determine the internal efficiency of the Privately Sponsored Students Programme at Moi University. The target population for the study was all the students enrolled in the privately Sponsored Students Programme at Moi University in the 2002/2003 academic year. Data for this study was collected by use of a questionnaire from a random sample of 300 respondents. The significant finding was Privately Sponsored Programmes operated below optimal efficiency levels. Although enrolment growth rates had been steady in the immediate past three academic years, dropping out, temporary withdrawal and other indicators of inefficiency were on the increase and therefore a source of concern. Different degree programmes demonstrated different levels of efficiently in the way they translated their inputs (students) into outputs (graduands). Students with outstanding fees balances were barred from graduating. Also, it was established that many critical performance inputs were lacking or in short supply, such as library books and journals, computers, furniture in lecture rooms and chemicals in laboratories. To reduce these inefficiencies, there is need to enhance provision of critical inputs like books and journals, computers and science equipment as well as various consumables items. There is also need to assist students to identify suitable accommodation places. In order to break barriers of suspicion between regular and self-sponsored students (PSSP) the University should work towards integrating the two groups of student as far as possible.