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An attempt has been made to survey biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with five xerophytes from Ghodnadi area Dist. Pune, Maharashtra. The xerophytes surveyed were Argemon Mexican, Linn., Aristolochia bracteata, Rrtz.,  Chlorophytum tuberosum, Baker., Scilla indica, Baker., Tribulus terestris, Linn., Soil samples and roots of these plants were collected from four different localities. Five genera with twenty one species were reported from Ghodnadi area. The genus Glomus was dominant with 13 species. It was followed by Acaulospora with 4 species, two species of Scutellospora  were reported.  Whereas one species each of Gigaspora and Sclerocystis was reported from above area. The maximum number of AM propagules per 100 gm soil was 1980 and minimum was 4 per 100 gm soil.  The percentage root infection was ranging between zero and 90 percent.

ABSTRACT A subset D of the vertex set V(G) of a graph G is said to be a dominating set if every vertex not in D is adjacent to at least one vertex in D. A dominating set D is a connected dominating set, if < D > is a connected subgraph of G. For a Connected Graph G, a connected dominating set D is said to be a connected eccentric dominating set if for every v Î V-D, there exists at least one eccentric point of v in D. The minimum of the cardinalities of the connected eccentric dominating sets of G is called the connected eccentric domination number gced(G) of G. In this paper, bounds for g¬ced, and its exact value for some particular classes of graphs are found.

The experiment was conducted in the Desert Guide Way Farm which belongs to the Agricultural Extension Department / Agricultural Office in Karbala Governors to investigate operating of pumping unit of drip irrigation system by using multi-power sources. Multi- power Sources with three levels including: pump with motor operated with charged battery by solar and wind power, pump with motor operated with internal combustion engine by bio fuel , pump with motor operated with internal combustion engine by natural fuel (gasoline) which represent main plot and discharge levels including 3.5 let. h^(-1) and 1.8 let.h^(-1) which represent sub plot were used in this study. Water horse power, break horse power, pumping efficiency, operating cost, were studied in this experiment. Randomized complete block design ( RCBD ) with three replications was studied in this experiment.The results showed that pump with motor operated with internal combustion engine by natural fuel (gasoline) treatment got higher brake horse power reached 0.238 hp mean while pump with motor operated with charged battery by solar and wind power treatment managed to have less operating costs reached 0.71 $/day also the results showed that discharge 3.5 let ?ha?^(-1)tertment mange to have highest water horse power reached 0.203 hp and brake horse power 0.289 hp and highest pumping efficiency stood 70.28% and least operating cost stood 2.74 $/day. The interaction between the pump with motor operated with charged battery by solar and wind power with discharge 3.5 let.h^(-1) treatment gave highest water horse power and pumping efficiency and least operating cost stood 0.202 hp and 70.72% , 0.71 $ / day respectively.

Wireless ad-hoc networks allow the construction of flexible and adaptive networks with no fixed infrastructure or any base station. The core challenge is to develop efficient routing protocols for the dynamic nodes to commune with each other without any hazard or latency. A number of routing protocols such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Destination–Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) have already been presented for the communication purpose while AODV outperforms the others in terms of the efficiency. Considering several performance factors such as the packet delivery fraction (PDF), end to end delivery, normalized routing overload and the normalized MAC, this paper has proposed an improvement over the existing AODV protocol and termed it as I-AODV (improved AODV). Effectiveness of the proposed I-AODV algorithm under different level of nodal mobility is confirmed through Cygwin simulation.

The present research is aimed to discover the skeletal and social measures and principles affecting the formation of collective memories in urban designing and to scrutinize and examine them compared to Shemiranat Gateway. In old cities, the gateways were considered as a place for passage but by emersion of modernity, progress of technology, increase in the speed of human beings’ movement, ease of access and development of communications, and replacing the old transportation vehicles by new automobiles, the form and shape of the cities and towns, too, underwent remarkable changes. The change in the skeleton of the cities caused some functions such as the gateways to be forgotten and lose their spatial concept, so new concepts emerged proportionate to the needs of the modern cities. The city’s entrance point was replaced by the suburban areas; and the middle space between the inside and outside of the city was expanded so much that it went beyond the human perception. But the concept of passage still remained in the minds and the difference between “here” and “there” didn’t fade despite the change in the concept of distance compared to its old form. By breakdown of the hedges, the skeleton of the city entrances and gateways have changed but their location still reminds the citizens’ collective memories and can provoke the people’s memories. The method of the present research is based on logical reasoning which, first, introduces the urban space and middle spaces and recognizes their relationship through the documentary studies and, then, extracts the measures and factors which affect the formation and maintenance of the collective memories on the city’s entrance area with regard to the existing challenges in any area; it ultimately suggests solutions, appropriate to the 21st century human’s needs, under three issues, that is passage, presence, and crisis management, in order to reinforce the above-mentioned factors.

The present study focused on Chomsky's pr-drop parameter theory (1981). Based on Chomsky's theory, there is a pro-drop parameter which is "true" in Farsi and "false" in English. Such parameters describe all languages world-wide. Knowledge of these parameters can help people understand other languages. To achieve the objectives of this study, first, pro-drop parameter was introduced and its characteristics were discussed. Having presented some examples the researchers compared English and Farsi languages. Findings revealed that some errors committed by Iranian English language learners can be due to this parameter.

The problem of generating bivariate life distributions from univariate ones is drawing the attention of the reliability analysts for quite long. Several approaches have been developed for generalizing univariate laws. Amongst those approaches, the characterization approach and the modeling approach are very appealing. Here Bivariate Inverse Exponential Distribution is used in the application part. This study aims to test the hypothesis that moderate exercise training combined with caloric restriction would produce significant menstrual disturbances and alterations in ovarian steroids in premenopausal women. Sedentary premenopausal women (25 –40 years; body mass index: 23.6±0.6 kg/m2 ) assigned to either a light conditioning (LC, n = 9) or an exercise combined with caloric restriction group (EX + CR, n = 24) were studied for one screening, one baseline and four intervention periods equivalent to the length of subjects’ menstrual cycles. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that a moderate aerobic exercise training program combined with modest weight loss in accordance with recommended guidelines produces significant reductions in ovarian steroid exposure without disrupting menstrual cyclicity in premenopausal women of advanced gynecological age.

Abuse often become an issue that most fretted by parents. Practically, every certain day the news of innocent little children being victims of child abuse. However, many parent an unconscious that they often abuse their children. Abusing definitely suspected using force hit or bellowed at children. This reading is carried out in order to determine how an unconscious many parents had committed quiet abuse on their children. This study emphasizes the quiet abuse can kill emotional intelligence and self-esteem of children.

Reading is one of the most important skills in second language learning. This is especially true at the tertiary level because it secures success in academic learning and facilitates in other parts of language learning (Carrell, 1989). However, teaching reading is somewhat complicated as reading is an intricate and complex cognitive process itself. In Malaysia, the issue of non-proficient graduates in the English language is continually being debated, which implies that the students are not well-prepared to cope with academic literacy (David & Govindasamy, 2006; Pandian, 2000). Along the same line, a growing body of research suggests that the beliefs, attitudes, expectations and perceptions of pre-service teachers should be highly addressed (Pajares, 1992; Young, 1998; Kagan, 1992). Thus, the present study seeks to explore the self-perceptions of the undergraduates of a Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) program, as readers and also as future teachers of ESL reading. It is hoped that through this study, a better understanding of the perceptions can be obtained so as to increase the quality of new teachers entering the world of teaching. It is assumed that those students who possess positive self-perceptions as readers will also have positive self-perceptions to become reading teachers.

The present study aimed at providing a comparison of General English Course Books used at universities in Iran which are designed by different authors (Iranian and foreigner) from critical thinking perspective. To this end, a retrospective evaluation was designed to examine the reading comprehension questions of 2 selected General English Course Books in terms of the degree to which they foster critical thinking. To accomplish the objectives of the study, firstly one of the top universities of Iran (Isfahan University) was selected; next 2 of the most frequent General English Course Books which were taught in the university were chosen, one of the books with foreign author and designer and another one with Iranian author and designer. Then, reading comprehension questions of all units of the CBs were analyzed based on Facione‘s (2011) critical thinking model (consisting of 6 features); then, the data were analyzed and occurrence percentage of each feature was calculated in each CB. The results revealed the representation of critical thinking features of Facion‘s (2011) model and the extent to which the Course Books matched the criteria in fostering critical thinking. The findings of the study seem to suggest that Iranian university students could not be expected to become critical thinkers through the study of such course books. And also the results show the difference between CBs with foreign and Iranian designers in the representation of critical thinking.