Archives- 

This report emphasises the economic impact of four optional approaches to dealing with the Copyright Act as it relates to the issue of copyright viability and liability for Internet service providers (ISPs). The report commences by signifying the options under consideration and the important stakeholders, and then proceeds to profile the Nigeria ISP industry. The ISP industry is designated to serve consumer and business subscribers, to make provisions of broad access to both dial-up and broadband Internet access services at prices that will be classify among the lowest in the world. This report is to make provision for ecomomic analysis for propose amendments to copyright legislative in Nigeria. It is also to concentrate on the impact of these proposed reforms on the ISP industries in Nigeria, the effect on the stakeholder (e.g consumers, content producers). The problems facing content producing industries as a result of the Internet and piracy are briefly discussed, with the primary threat being the free digital distribution of copyright contents over the Internet through peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and illegal duplication of copy right contents. The number of digitally encoded music files (MP3/MP4) distributed has no definite estimation on yearly basis because there is no extent that piracy and downloads cannibalize sales do not go to. It is likely that the net effect of digital music downloads on CD sales is negative. The economic impact of each of the proposed copyright reform options is emphasised. The options as follows; the standing quo on significat economic cost to effect of law on outdated and complexity of internet services. Also on benefit clarification of legal matters and subjects ISPs to explicits condition on exemption from copyright liability. Practice of “Notice and Takedown” and “Notice and Notice” adoption to guide ISPs to work with content providers after recieving “Notice” of copyright infringement. Levying a mandatory licensing “tariff on ISPs, base on the magnitude of the tariff and its implimentation. It is recommended that the copyright be reformed to give explicit boundry on ISP copyright dependence for transmission, linking, production and detecting of copyrightd content by employing Notice and Notice or Notice and Takedown method.

The present part of the study deals with how to knowledge of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) adopting cotton cultivators in rainfed eco-systems. Under rainfed condition, among cultural practices, more than 80 per cent of respondents had how to do knowledge about applying FYM/compost and applying neem cake. Regarding mechanical practices majority (83%) of respondents had how to do knowledge of fixing light traps and 80 per cent and 74 per cent of the respondents had how to do knowledge of fixing sex pheromone and fixing yellow sticky traps. With regard to biological practices, 87 per cent of respondents had how to do knowledge of tying Trichogramma eggcards, followed by 63 per cent respondents of spraying neem oil. Among chemical practices, more than 60 per cent of respondents had how to do knowledge about applying granular insecticides.

Ten (10) brands of industrially manufactured Soft Drinks in Nigeria were randomly selected and subjected to bacteriological analysis by the pour plate count method. 1ml of each brand of the soft drinks were dispensed into different sterile Petri dishes while 12mls of molten Nutrient Agar and MacConkey Agar respectively were poured into the petri dishes at about 37oc, thoroughly mixed, allowed to set and incubated aerobically at a temperature of 37oc for 24 hours. The number of colonies was counted for viable cells per ml of the original sample. The colonies isolated from the samples include Ribena: Staph aureus 11(2.6%), E.coli 2(19%), Klebsiella pneumonia 2(3.2%); Pepsi Staph aureus 0(0%), E.coli 0(0%), Klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). Coke: Staph aureus 0(0%), E. coli 29(27.8%), klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). Schweppes: Staph aureus 57 (13.4%), E.coli 0(0%), Klebsiella pneumonia (0)0%. Lucozade boost: Staph aureus 3(0.7%), E. coli 0(0%), Klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%), Maltina: Staph aureus 48 (11.3%), E.coli 41(39.4%), klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). Sprite: Staph aureus 24 (5.6%), E.coli 32(30.7%), Klebsiella pneumonia 0)0%), orange juice: Staph aureus 0(0%), klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). Malta Guinness: Staph aureus 92 (21.7%), E. coli 0(0%) klebsiella pneumonia 61 (98.8%) Fanta: Staph aureus 189 (44.6%), E.coli 0(0%), klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). The highest number of colonies was found in fanta while lucozade boast yielded the lowest number of colony, pepsi and orange juice, showed no growth. Staph aureus had the highest prevalence while klebsiella pneumonia yielded the lowest number of organism. It is also recommended that regulatory agencies should ensure strict adherence to established standards, manufacturers should ensure that the soft drinks must be free from contaminants, and workers should regularly be screened.

Lead is an environmental pollutant which does not only affects human but animals as well. Lead poisoning is the common cause of toxicity in cattle and advancing due to industrialisation. Lead toxicity in cows is an economic loss and also food safety issue in terms of milk, dairy products and meat. Thus, there should be a constant checking on the concentration of lead in cattle. There has, however been little research concerning lead exposure in cattle in India. The objective of this study was to detect the level of lead in cows in Bangalore, India. 15 blood samples from cows were collected in 4 different areas namely Kalenagrahara, Gottigere, Basavanapura and Kalkere in Bannerghatta and analysed using Lead Analyser(Lead Care II). Fodder and water sample were also analysed by X Ray Fluorescence and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy respectively in order to find out the possible source of lead. Blood lead levels in cows from all the 4 areas ( below 4.7 µg/dL) were within the accepted limits. Fodder and water levels of lead ranged below 45 ppm and 0.0053 ppm respectively; and all were within the accepted levels. It is thereby concluded that level of lead in cows in has not reached an alarming level and thus does not pose a threat to animals and man

There has been recent upsurge, alleging judicial bias in sentencing process, especially in awarding capital punishment. Even Apex Court has admitted that doctrine of ‘rarest of rare case’ is not working properly. Taking note of that, few scholars blamed the very core of sentencing policy, and demanded ban on capital punishment. Their argument is precisely based on constitutional doctrine of ‘arbitrariness’, ‘equality’, and ‘fairness’. This work examines few of such allegations, and explains that non-implementation of ‘rarest of rare’ formula may be rooted in lacadiascal approach by the trial courts. However, the doctrine is, constitutionally unassailable.

This quantitative descriptive study aimed to identify the influence of coaching relationship on the coaching communication by the perception of polytechnic lecturers. A total of 411 lecturers randomly selected from the five polytechnics which successfully obtained an overall excellent performance including academic standards and quality management through the recognition of the polytechnic ratings. Data for this survey were collected through a questionnaire which was adapted from an instrument used by Heslin, VandeWalle, and Latham (2006), and Gregory and Levy (2010). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that coaching relationship had positive and significant influence on coaching communication. In term of the implications, this study showed the role of the middle manager is extremely important in creating the coaching relationship in order to improve coaching communication performance.

In the present study the test was carried out for the screening of antimicrobial activity of clove oil extracted from clove. Screening was done using agar well diffusion method against Bacteria and Fungi. 4 Bacterial and 10 fungal species were taken. According to the result clove oil was effective against Bacteria as compared to Fungi in particular concentration. We can conclude by our work that clove oil is better for antibacterial. It has also been noticed that by increasing concentration of clove oil the growth of fungi has decreased.

Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory, infectious disease of tissues that support the teeth and caused by a particular microorganism or group of specific microorganisms. Periodontitis associated with other condition, such as candidiasis caused different and resistant clinical signs. The aims of this study is finding presence or absence of the fungus Candida albicans in patients with periodontal pockets in chronic periodontitis with various grades of slight, moderate and sever before and after periodontal treatment phase I. Patients with chronic periodontitis criteria into three groups of 21 people with slight moderate and sever groups. After sampling the deepest periodontal pockets of patients using paper point No.45.samples of paper points placed in 1 ml sterile saline, centrifuged and then were transferred to medium chrome agar. The green colonies of Candida albicans were found in the culture medium were counted for each patient then patients treated by mechanical periodontal treatment phase I, including health education, scaling and root planning. After 6 weeks, the patients re-sampling of deepest periodontal pockets were planted just like before and Candida albicans were counted again. The colony before treatment (p<0/001) and after treatment (p<0/001) was associated with disease severity; and disease severity in all three groups, the mean of colonies was significantly reduced after treatment (p<0/001), so that the average number of colonies decreased in patients with sever disease and it was significantly higher than the mean and the median was more than slight (p<0/001). It appears that fungus Candida albicans colonies influenced on the severity of the disease and periodontal treatment phase I can be effective in reducing the fungus and decrease was associated with disease severity.

The study assessed the level of gender involvement in household farming decisions and identified constraints to women involvement in household farming decisions in Lafia Local Government Area, North-central Nigeria. Data were collected through structured questionnaire administered on sixty (60) farming households randomly selected for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis. The results showed that men dominated (with involvement rate of 79% on grand average) all aspects of household farming decisions (such as selection of farm enterprise, procurement of farm inputs, allocation of farm inputs, selling and storage of excess farm produce) except for household decisions concerning processing and consumption of farm produce dominated (73.5% on grand average) by females members of farm households. Poor personal linkages to socio-economic institutions, land holding constraint, women farming skill, household violence, traditional and cultural belief were constraints to women involvement in household farming decisions. It is recommended that extension activities be expanded to include sensitizing male household heads on need to involve their women in the household farming decisions for greater productivity and to enhance household food security.

This work deals with the vibrational spectroscopy of 4-Fluoro-2-Nitroanisole by means of quantum chemical calculations. The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra were measured in the condensed state. The fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensity of vibrational bands were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) with the standard B3LYP / 6-311+G** basis set combinations, and was scaled using various scale factors which yields a good agreement between observed and calculated frequencies. The vibrational spectra were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis based on scaled quantum mechanical force field. The results of the calculations were applied to simulated infrared and Raman spectra of the title compound, which showed excellent agreement with the observed spectra.