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Reversible logic is suitable for the design of various logics, functions which indeed has lower power consumption and improved speed. In this research work the testable reversible realization of multiplexers, demultiplexers, flip flops and shift registers is done using new testable reversible gate (NTG), which combines feynman gate and Haghparast Navi Gate (HNG). The flip flops are the basic element for any sequential circuit design. The various flip flops are designed using the reversible logic with the appropriate combination and are used as base element for the design of shift registers. The results from the proposed testable reversible multiplexers and demultiplexers show the 10% reduction in power and also 2% delay improvement as compared to Rgate reversible logic. The sequential elements i.e. flip flops and registers using proposed method show 10% power reduction and 5% speed improvement as compared to designs using Rgate logic. A single unit of combinational and sequential logic is designed for delay and power improvement, practically this can be utilized in the large designs to reduce power consumption and delay to a considerable value. Reversible logic is becoming more and more prominent as the technology sets higher demands on heat, power, scaling and stability. Currently, computations are commonly irreversible, even though the physical devices that execute them are fundamentally reversible.

Peri-urban cultivated areas of many cities in Pakistan are being irrigated from municipal and industrial wastewater since long. Similarly wastewater of Nullah Lai is also being used for irrigation in Rawalpindi. Wastewater and soil samples were collected from six locations of Rawalpindi districts for investigating fungal diversity. Eight fungal species were found in these soils. The most common fungal strains were Aspergillus sp., Acremonium sp., and Chaetomium sp. To isolate the fungi in different soil samples, sterilization technique, serial dilution and spread plate technique were used. Presence of fungi was detected in the different soil samples on the bases of morphological characteristics, percentage frequency, growth rate and colony forming units. The results obtained showed that most widely distributed fungi in soil samples were Aspergillus sp. Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus grew well in contaminated soil containing heavy metals. This ability of Aspergillus makes it attractive potential candidate for further investigation regarding its ability to remove metals from contaminated soil. The usage of untreated wastewater in agricultural land put harmful effects on soil physical, chemical properties and biodiversity. To recognize health risk due to wastewater usage for irrigation, treat the wastewater to the recommended level.

The objective of this study is to explore the groundwater availability in the Gadilam River basin mainly for agriculture. Remote sensing data and geographic information system were used to locate Prospective zones of groundwater in the Gadilam River basin. Various maps (i.e., Base, Hydrogeomorphology, Lithology, Drainage, Drainage density, Lineament, Lineament density, Slope and Land Use/Land Cover) were prepared using the Remote sensing data along with the existing maps. The groundwater availability of the Gadilam River basin is quantitatively classified into different classes based on its Hydrogeomorphological conditions. The land use/land cover map was prepared using IRC-1C LISS III, PAN satellite data and other collateral information. Using a digital classification technique with the limited ground truth verification for irrigated area in the Gadilam river basin. The alluvial plain, filled valley, flood plain and deeply buried pediplain were successfully delineated. It demarcates highly prospective Zones of groundwater accumulation in the study area. The overall results demonstrate that the use of remote sensing and GIS techniques provide powerful tools for groundwater development and the design of a suitable exploration plan of the study area. Keywords: Groundwater prospective zones map, Remote Sensing and GIS, Gadilam river basin, satellite data, thematic mapping ArcGIS.

The basic purpose of this study is to investigate how English language cohesive devices are exploited in a news text. The analysis has been carried out on news article “The Pleasure of Reading” by Zubeda Mustafa published in one of the famous newspaper- Dawn news. Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) framework was applied for the cohesion analysis. Halliday and Hasan (1976) provided the concepts of referencing, ellipsis, conjunction, substitution and lexical cohesion which have been analyzed in the present study. The study establishes the fact that all the above mentioned cohesive elements are exploited in the text which have ultimately contributed to clarify the overall meanings of the text by binding it in a more organized way. It has been observed that news writers do introduce cohesion in order to give a sense of connection and order in the text. In fact, these cohesive devices provide a sense of connectivity and unity in the text.

Mobile ad-hoc networks operate in the absence of any supporting infrastructure. The absence of any fixed infrastructure in mobile ad-hoc networks makes it difficult to utilize the existing techniques for network services, and poses number of various challenges in the area. The discovery and maintenance of secure route is the most flinty challenge. In this thesis, we first deliberate and implement one secure routing protocol SAODV and study its performance under different scenarios. Then we carry out a number of experiments using NS-3 to compare the performance of AODV, SAODV in terms of security level and routing discovery time under different setups. From these experiments, we can see that performance of AODV and SAODV and Aridane.

Peroxodisulfate was simply supported on a weakly basic ion exchange resin by elution of a column containing the resin with an aqueous potassium peroxodisulfate solution. Resin supported peroxodisulfate was used for mild and selective ?-iodination of 1,3-dicarbonyl and ?,?-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of molecular iodine in acetonitrile at room temperature. Also direct and efficient iodination of activated aromatic compounds was performed in acetonitrile under reflux conditions.

Code layout is an important factor that determines the performance of any application. For branching intensive loops where decisions have to be made among several branching paths (as in real time systems), an optimized layout of the conditional statements can increase the performance largely. Current methods can predict branches dynamically using speculative execution which can be resource intensive. Static branch prediction techniques are not as accurate. In this work a compiler based optimization for branching instructions by code reordering has been proposed. The proposed design consists of a code reordering component that along with the compiler can dynamically generate layout-optimized code, by reordering the conditions in the source program. The reordering is done base on dynamic run-time execution patterns. Based on the current execution pattern and the history, the most optimal program can be run, minimizing evaluation of conditions.

Investor protection is one of the essential roles of authorities to make them involved in the financial market. Stock market plays a predominant role in the financial market. Investor protection helps to develop the market so that mobilization of funds can be increased. Increase in market potential is another way to increase growth of the market. Every nation has own legislation frameworks for stock market which is varying from country to country. In India, there is a strong need for an effective regulation for stock market so that the investors’ interest can be safeguarded in a better way. In order to regulate stock market and the participants of stock market there are various legislations are framed. It minimizes the risks and protects the investor. An attempt has been made to review the Indian legislations which are standardizing the Indian stock market and the legal formalities to be carried out by the market players.

The pyonephrosis is a suppurative process of the urinary tract kidney leading to a rapid and complete loss of kidney function The surgery is difficult with an early mortality and morbidity The emergency surgery is persistent sepsis or the presence of complication. We report 19 cases of pyonephrosis treated in our service

At present, when contemporary organizations are seeking novel and original initiatives to gain a competitive position in the market, reverse logistics is one of the worth mentioning domains which has been distinctly recognized in this regard lately. As the field is in introductory phases with respect to large scale managerial concerns, it is facing certain difficulties and barriers in conveying the desired benefits for organizations. This study has made an attempt to put all the identified barriers together in the form of a mode. The study has been extended to review these barriers and also confer the unique approach to manage these barriers by conceptualizing the minimum number of managing factors. The study is based on theoretical grounds of introducing top management support, information support system and formalization of the reverse logistics programs to remove problems faced by the successful intervention of reverse logistics.