Applied Chemistry

The chemical composition of the essential oils from the leaves of Acalypha hispida and Acalypha wilkesiana obtained by hydro distillation, were analyzed by Gas chromatography linked with Mass spectrometry. The main constituents of the essential oil from A. hispida were neral (11.04%), citral (12.87%), 6,10,14, trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.43%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (14.69%) while neral (30.66%) and citral (36.10%) which are monoterpenes were the major compounds in the oil of A. wilkesiana. The essential oils were tested for toxicity against brine shrimps larvae (Artemia salina) and showed LC50 values of 122.28µg/mL and 212µg/mL respectively while their activity against Anophelis gambiae reveal LC50 values of 125µg/mL and 83.33µg/mL respectively.

Two simple, specific, precise and accurate methods were developed for the analysis of Aspirin (ASA) in bulk and formulation forms in presence of its degradation product salicylic acid (SA). The first method was based on determining Q-Absorbance ratios at two wavelengths; 251.4 nm (iso–absorptive point, ?1) and 275.6 nm (?max of ASA, ?2) for aspirin and salicylic acid to obtain their absorptivity valueswhich form the basis for their concentrations calculations. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range 50-450µg/ml and 10-90µg/ml for ASA and SA, respectively with correlation coefficient not less than 0.999. The second method based on development of stability-indicating chromatographic method (HPLC) reliable for the assay of aspirin in presence of salicylic acid. The stability-indicating property of the developed method was achieved on a C18 column (250*4.6mm) and a mixture of methanol and 1% acetic acid (60:40 v/v) as mobile phase at 1ml/min flow rate and detector set at 298nm. The constructed calibration curves were linear in the concentration range 1000-5000µg/ml and 30-270µg/ml for ASA and SA, respectively. The developed methods were optimized and validated in accordance to ICH guidelines. The validated methods were applied for the assay of ASA in five brands low dose formulations as well as to identify and quantify any SA present using standard reference materials.

The title organic–inorganic hybrid material, (C5N2ClH6)2[CdCl3.57(H2O)0.43].Cl0.43.H2O1.57, crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric setting in the chiral space group P212121. Its simplified structure consists of edge sharing [CdCl4]2- units that are connected with each other to form infinite {[CdCl2Cl4/2]2-}n anionic chains; of 2-amino-5-chloropyridinium cations (two for every cadmium ion); and of one localized water molecule. Areas with additional electron density, adding up to 12 electrons each, are found in the form of narrow tubes that stretch along the direction of the a-axis, but no meaningful model for these regions could be devised and the electron density in there was instead corrected for by back-Fourier transformation methods. In the solid state structure one of the chlorine atoms of the tetrachlorocadmate units is partially replaced by a water molecule in a 0.568 (7) to 0.432 (7) ratio, with charge balance achieved through partial replacement of an interstitial water molecule by a chlorine ion. This leads to an actual formula for the compound of (C5N2ClH6)2[CdCl3.57(H2O)0.43].Cl0.43.H2O1.57 rather than the simplified (C5N2ClH6)2[CdCl4].2H2O. In the more prevalent cadmate units the metal centers have a distorted octahedral CdCl6 coordination sphere. In the remainder of the sites with one of the chlorines replaced by water, the coordination geometry is CdCl5(OH2) instead. The anionic and cationic units and the water molecules are connected through intricate O—H•••Cl, N—H•••Cl and N—H•••O hydrogen bonding interactions, with three of these being three-center interactions. The exocyclic N atom is an electron receiving center, which is consistent with features of imino resonance evidenced by bond lengths and angles. Results from solid state 13C and 15N CP–MAS NMR spectroscopy are in good agreement with the X-ray structure. Density functional theory calculations allowed for the assignment of the carbon peaks to the independent crystallographic sites.

Drying is known as one of the oldest and best method for keeping the agricultural materials and food products. In process of drying, utilization of energy makes that drying seems an activity with the most consumption of energy. In this paper, kinetics of drying of banana pieces was carried out using Hybrid Dryer. In our experiments, dryer were regulated in velocities of air of 1, 1.5 and 2 m/s and temperatures of 60, 70 and 80?. Banana pieces were cut with thickness of 5 millimeter. In order to achieve the fit model in molding of kinetics of drying, it must be examine the models. Thus, in this research, 8 models were selected randomly to obtain the fit model. In evaluation of models, among the 8 models, Aghbashlo model was fit model. The model called fit model that it has highest value for R2 and lowest values for RMSE, and MBE in all of the experiments. Variation domain of energy of activation and diffusivity of moisture of effective were 6.52×10-9 to 9.20×10-9m2/s & 50.61 to 53.79 kJ/ mol., respectively.

A Steady State Mass Balance method (SSMB) in all different forms was used to calculate the critical load of sulphur and nitrogen for soil. The present load of sulphur (161.1 Eq ha-1 yr-1), nitrogen (49.9 Eq ha-1 yr-1) and ammonium (176.8 Eq ha-1 yr-1) were calculated from wet and dry deposition from Agra region. The values of critical load of sulphur and nitrogen for soil with respect to wheat (Triticum vulgaris), maize (Zea mays), rye (Triticale), potato (Solanum tuberosum), lemon (Citrus argentifolium), anjan grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) and bajra (Pennisetum typhoides) were calculated.The values of actual acidity calculated were lower than the values assessed by the RAINS-Asia model of this area. It has been concluded that chloride also plays an important role in the acid deposition which changes the value of critical load significantly.

The ligand, 4-butanoyl-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one (HBPy) and its complexes with Mn (II), La (III), Zr (III), V (V) and W (VI) were tested for antibacterial activity relative to streptomycin and penicillin antibiotics. The filter paper scraps diffusion method was used. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against G(+) Staphylococcus aureus, G(+) Hay bacillus and G(-) Eschericha coli. It could be observed from the results that the antibacterial effect of the Mn(BPy)2.2H2O and the VO2(BPy).HBPy complexes were similar to that of penicillin against the two G(+) strains. The other three complexes also had such antibacterial activity, but a little weaker than that of penicillin. The test data also indicated that streptomycin was intermediately effective against G(+) Hay bacillus. The five complexes at a concentration of 2 ?g/disc, showed antibacterial activity against G(+) Hay bacillus comparable to that of streptomycin with a concentration of 10 ?g/disc. The ligand and its complexes showed none or much weaker antibacterial activity compared to penicillin and streptomycin against G(-) Eschericha coli. It is therefore concluded that the metal complexes studied are potent against the Gram-positive bacteria studied; hence the compounds have great potentials in the exploration of new chemotherapy agents.

New transition metal [V(V), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Pd(II) and Cd(II)] complexes of (EPMPB) have been investigated in solution using Potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods. The composition of the complexes was determined to be 1:1 and/or 1:2 (M: L), the optimum conditions favouring the formation of the coloured complexes were studied extensively; protonation constants and their stability constants of the complexes were calculated. The stability constants of the formed complexes increase in the order Pd (II) > V (V) > Cu (II) > Co (II) > Ni (II) > Cd (II). Adherence to Beer's law was observed for the µgmL-1 concentration range form 0.31- 3.49 and 1.06 - 4.25(?gml-1) for Cu(II) ion and Pd(II) ions, respectively, Molar absorptive was 6,899 and 10,788 L mol-1 cm-1 for Cu(II) and Pd(II) ions, respectively.

The major component of wastes from uncultivated plants that constitutes environmental problems is seed. Artocarpus heterophyllus seed and Parkia biglobosa seed pulp were investigated for proximate composition, chemical and antibacterial properties of their oils with a view to exploiting their nutritional and industrial potentials. The crude protein, crude fibre and crude fat content were 14.02, 5.25; 1.23, 12.00; 26.5, 18.00 g/100g respectively. The high iodine value of the fixed oils; 1788, 1425 g iodine kg-1 oil respectively compared favourably with edible oils, while the high saponification values of 296.14 and 193.12 g KOH kg-1 suggested they are good feedstock for the soap industry. The seed and seed pulp essential oils could also find application as antibacterial agent to extend the shelf life of easily perishable food products.

The Strychnos spinosa seed were analysed to establish its proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional compositions using standard analytical methods. The seed, on dry weight basis, contains crude protein (6.40%), crude lipid (1.96%), ash (2.30%), available carbohydrates (66.86%), calorific value (310.68kcal/100g) and moisture (17.20%). The seed is rich in, potassium (1260mg/100g), magnesium (49.00mg/100g), iron (1.30mg/100g), sodium (20.60 mg/100g) and phosphorus (69.00mg/100g). Though, the seed also has high content of total oxalate (50.30 %) and phytic acid (198.25 mg/100g). The levels of various nutrient and mineral elements varied significantly, which indicates the potential of the seed to be harnessed for diverse application for value addition as health food provided that the anti-nutritional factors are tackled appropriately. 

The determination of heavy metal ions are limited by two difficulties, very low concentration of heavy metal ions which may be lower than the detection limit of many traditional analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, colorimetric, and voltametry. And the interfering effects of the matrix. Calcium silicate (CS) is obtained as mentioned in the literature, This synthesized material, which have many applications in various walks of life will be under study in this research. In a new area of the most important areas of life and the environment, a water treatment and removal of some heavy ions such as Mn+2 and Fe+3 ions present in waste water and underground water were efficiently removed by (CS).