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Maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) play a vital role in photovoltaic (PV) systems because they increase the efficiency of the solar photovoltaic system by increasing the power output. MPPT algorithms are necessary because PV arrays have a non linear voltage-current characteristic with a unique point where the power produced is maximum. The output power from the solar panel varies with solar irradiance, temperature and so on. To increase the power extracted from the solar panel, it is necessary to operate the photovoltaic (PV) system at the maximum power point (MPP). This paper presents the Matlab/simulink arrangement of perturb & observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) MPPT algorithm which is responsible for driving the dc-dc boost converter to track maximum power point (MPP). This paper also presents the theoretical analysis of variable step size (VSS) of INC MPPT which can effectively improve the tracking speed and accuracy of maximum power.

Differential Evolutionary Algorithm is a simple but powerful computing tool for real parameter optimization. This article describes the application of this technique for designing a PID controller for Electromagnetic levitation system (EMLS).EMLS is inherently unstable and strongly non-linear in nature. Classical controllers designed for this system give no satisfactory performance. Little change in the operating air gap position deteriorates the controller performance making the system unstable. Therefore a need arises to make one controller such that it will give the optimum performance in the sense of changing gap positions .To that end Differential Evolutionary Algorithm (DEA) is used to fulfil this goal. The analysis is performed within the mathematical programming environment of MATLAB using both DEA and Conventional Genetic Algorithm (CGA) and a detailed comparative study is presented.

Efforts to minimize dose delivered to critical organs of cancer patients and also to improve local tumour control have led to the development of High Dose Rate (HDR) brachytherapy procedures. The associated risks in HDR brachytherapy are relatively high, hence strict quality assurance requirements are needed. In this study, mathematical model has been used to compute the dose rate distributions around an Ir-192 HDR brachytherapy source. The calculations were based on separation of dose rates around the sources into transverse axis component and an anisotropy function. The two dimensional coordinate system for anisotropy functions was then transformed into a one dimensional system with radial distances from the centre of the source as constraints. The maximum average fit uncertainty was found to be 0.35% for the anisotropy functions. The maximum uncertainty in the calculated dose rate distribution around the source was 14.31%, which is less than the uncertainty quoted in published reports for other methods. The model is therefore an improvement over existing recommended systems for dose calculations and the results can be used as quality control tool to improve dose delivery to cancer patients undergoing brachytherapy.

We are very happy to announce that from 24th January 2017, Dr. Mohammad Akram has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on English Literature. Dr. Mohammad Akram working as English Club Deanship, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA. The appointment of Dr. Mohammad Akram as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a virus. There are five strain, and four of them can make people sick. After entering the body, it kills cells, making some of them explode. It wrecks the immune system, causes heavy bleeding inside the body, and damages almost every organ. The virus is scary, but it also rare. You can get it only from direct contact with infected persons body fluids. The on-going Ebola outbreak in the West African countries is so far the worst in the history of the deadly disease. The virus seems to have gripped the world's interest due to its destructive potential, claiming nearly 7000 lives in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea -- worst-hit Ebola nations in West Africa. Although a few cases of Ebola have been reported from Australia, America and other nations of the world, no positive cases of Ebola virus in India have been reported till date. According to the WHO reports, on an average, 80% of the people infected with this virus do die. Their death is usually due to a drop in their blood pressure and failure of organs.

The effect of compost and earthworm production on soil properties, growth and dry-matter yield of maize in crude oil degraded soil was studied. The treatment consisted of 250g crude oil degraded soil (DS) and 50g each of four different compost materials mixed differently with 250g of degraded soil, and the compost were cassava peels (CP), cassava peels + poultry manure (PC), cassava peels + pig manure (GC) and cassava peels + pig manure + poultry manure (PGC) and 10 pieces of sub-adult earthworms (Eudrilus eugenae) were inoculated to each of the experimental pot after 11 days. The five treatments were replicated four times, data generated were subjected to analysis of variance test and treatment means were separated using least significant difference (LSD=0.05). The results of the study indicated significant differences between the treatments in soil and agronomic parameters assessed. The application of compost and earthworm activities increased the plant height, leaf area, and number of leaves at 4 weeks after planting (WAP) and 6 WAP, and dry matter yield of maize. The shoot and root dry matter yield was observed to increase in the order PC>PGC>GC>CP>DS. Earthworm activities in the study measured by the number survived and biomass weight showed CP and GC as the best culture for earthworm production in oil degraded soil. The degraded soil (DS) did not record any earthworm survival at harvest. The result of the soil analysis indicated less change in the textural class of the soil, and all the chemical parameters tested were enhanced by the compost and earthworm activities. Based on the results of growth rate and yield components of maize as well as soil chemical properties, the PC and PGC cultures having performed competitively better than the other treatments can be considered useful and adequate with the help of earthworm in reclaiming an oil degraded soil for crop production in a tropical environment.

Information revolution implies the use of technology especially electronic devices in communication, information, knowledge and skills. Today, in electronic era information technology is sharing and interchanging information such as knowledge, mental skills, motor skills and attitude through the use of mass media, especially electronics. In the broadest sense information technology refers to both the hardware and software that are used to store, dissemination and manipulate of information. Information technology comprises computers, networks, satellite communications, robotics videotext, cable television, electronic mail, electronic games and automated office equipments. Information technology mainly includes computer, internet and multimedia. The main objective of the study is to find out the level of academic creativity and achievement of adolescents not using information technology. Also, another objective is to study the effect of use of information technology on creativity and information technology of adolescents. Descriptive survey method has used in the research. Baquer Mehdi’s verbal test of creative thinking (TCW) has used to measure the creativity of adolescents. It provides three factor scores-fluency, flexibility and originality. Final results of the students are collected for measuring Academic Achievement. A sample consist 200 adolescents of two streams (science and arts) of graduation class which has selected by Purposive Sampling Method from Mathura. To interpret & analysis the data statistical techniques Mean, Standard Deviation, t/ CR test, ANOVA were used. The study of interactional effect of all three independent variables - AXBXC i.e. stream * sex x use of information technology results in the rejection of null hypothesis and it was found that all the three variables combinedly effect the creativity and academic achievement of adolescents. On the basis of the findings given above it may be concluded that the use of information technology effect the creativity and academic achievement of Adolescents.

Today, with advances in information and communication technologies and the emergence of information management system, using of these technologies in organizations is inevitable. Therefore, only managers who can invest in areas related to information technology and management system of information will be successful in enterprise management system. However, it is an important discussion that how these investments should be performed or how much it is invested? Moreover, managers must be aware of the effectiveness of using information technology and information management systems. Actually, Information Technology impacts necessary indicators for the success of today’s organization. Therefore, this study investigates the application of IT systems (IT) and management information systems (MIS) on effectiveness of these systems based on users’ view. Among the key indicators of information technology system, some indicators are selected as follows: increasing the speed of work performance, increasing accuracy of work performance, timely retrieval of information, more storage and faster access to information. In addition, the effect of these indices on providing good services in the financial reporting is investigated.

The objective of this research was to explore the effect of Pakistani Television dramas on consumer behavior of Pakistani females and to derive a model for this effect. In order to accomplish this objective survey was conducted using convenience sampling, with a sample size of 250 females. Data was collected through questionnaire consisting of fifteen questions on a likert scale. Results show that Pakistani Television dramas affect consumer behavior of females in Pakistan. There are four factors behind this effect i.e. product liking, influence of dramas on society, viewers trust and trendsetting.

Fish is a vital source of high-quality protein, providing approximately16% of the animal protein consumed by the world’s population (FAO 1997). It is a particularly important protein source in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. Fish supplies less than 10% of animal protein consumed in North America and Europe, but 17% in Africa, 26% in Asia and 22% in China (FAO, 2000). The FAO estimates that about one billion people world-wide rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein (FAO, 2000).