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The study focused on the economic assessment of marketing of Non-Wood Forest Products in Ibadan metropolis with a view to identify the socio-economic characteristics of marketers of NWFPs, to identify various NWFPs marketed by the people, to estimate costs and returns from marketing of NWFPs and to identify factors influencing the marketing of NWFPs in the study area. The data for the study were collected through the use of structured questionnaires randomly administered to one hundred and twenty (120) marketers of various NWFPs in eight (8) selected markets. The result from the study revealed that women were mainly involved in the marketing of NWFPs (85%) being their primary occupation with a higher percentage of the marketers earning above N20, 000 monthly. Profit margin analysis showed that the business is both feasible and viable with the marketing efficiency and rate of return on investment between 1.18-1.90 and 28%-75% respectively. However, marketing of NWFPs in the study area was confronted with some challenges including transportation, perishability, seasonality, poor storage facility, price fluctuation, poor processing facility and poor market structure.

Customer seeks satisfaction not on individual basis but on societal basis, consumer behavior is much more influenced by brand tribe to which he/she belongs. Similarly, since 1990s topic of loyalty has gained escalating importance especially in marketing activities and management applications. The importance of loyalty is emerging from decisions of customers regarding goods and services. Firms that are successful in generating customer loyalty have competitive advantage among their rivals. Likewise fresh research has drawn attention that brand tribalism (group of people around a brand with shared passion and emotion) affects the consumer behavior. Therefore, this research study aims to analyze the influences of Brand tribalism on loyalty through customer satisfaction and to examine the ultimate effect on word-of-mouth recommendation behavior and brand repurchase intentions. Customer loyalty is universally important for all the firms however the advancement in this area varies among different economies. Loyalty, a major theme in marketing research, has become an essential concern for managers, and a strategic obsession for many. This increasing concern has mainly been due to intense competition. Brand tribalism and its impact on customer loyalty have not been researched in domestic context of Pakistan, especially in the automobile sector, so in this study investigation is applied to five leading car brands of Pakistan. It is found that satisfaction is influenced by brand tribalism and it has quite noteworthy and significant impact on the customer loyalty. In addition brand tribalism is another important source of generating word of mouth recommendations by the loyal customer and he/she has the repurchase intentions too.

The purpose of this study to show the effects of Hematocrit (Red blood cells), height of stenosis, porous parameter and velocity of blood on wall shear stress of the flow of blood through tapered artery. The study reveals that wall shear stress reduces for increasing Hematocrit percentage. It is also observed that wall shear stress increases as stenosis height and porous parameter increase whereas it decreases with the increasing values of velocity of blood and slope of tapered artery.

This paper is a report on the findings of a study conducted on seventh-grade science course. Experimental techniques were used to examine the resulting of utilizing visual cues in a web-based learning environment. Findings indicate that there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the science achievement test of the first experimental group (which uses the web site with visual cues associated with hyperlinks) and the second experimental group (which uses the web site without visual cues associated with hyperlinks). However, there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the pre and post applications of the science achievement test of the first experimental group in favor of the post application. Also, there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the pre and the post applications of the science achievement test of the second experimental group in favor of the post application.

Today one of the crisis ecological affecting the world is the phenomenon of desertification. We require a proper understanding of causes and processes of desertification to control the huge phenomenon on the global and regional situation. Desertification is more related to social and anthropogenic issues than natural causes and it becomes more important over the time. Human effects on desertification could be classified as direct and indirect factors. We used ICD method to estimate and assessment of desertification in 456 km2 of Koohdasht basin lands. This method was introduced in 1995 by Ekhtesasi and Mohajer , checking human and environment factors that contributing to desertification of the area, at the end will be introduced the intensity of desertification. The first we collect the data of area then we used ILWIS software to separate the facies in basin and value the parameters of ICD method, we attain the intensity of desertification for each facies and whole basin. The analysis indicated that 35.2 % of land in basin located in low class, 31.99 in medium class, 32.7% had high class and the total area is located in medium class. As well as recognized the most importance factor is human activity.

The present investigation was carried out to find the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of bark of Ficus religiosa for its anti-inflammatory activity in Hamsters. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using acute inflammatory models like carrageenan induced paw edema models. The biochemical parameters like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), enzymatic anti-oxidants and non enzymatic anti-oxidants were carried out in blood and tissues of control and experimental animals in each group. Oral administration of the ethanolic extract (Ficus religiosa bark) at the dose 100mg/kg body weight (b.w) showed significant effect than aqueous extract and was also much comparable to that of standard drug, Ibuprofen. The mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of Ficus religiosa is probably due to their inhibitory action on the release of mediators of inflammation.

In this work the combined effect of injector orientation and nozzle hole geometry on performance, emissions and combustion were analyzed. Experiments were carried out on a single cylinder DI diesel engine for different orientation of injector located nearer to intake and exhaust valve in the combustion chamber. Effects of increase in injector opening pressure and injection timing advance were also analyzed. Experiments were carried out by plugging one of the two injector mounting holes. It was observed that for the injector located nearer to the exhaust valve, the combination of static injection timing 26o BTDC and injector opening pressure of 230 bar was found effective in reducing NOx levels with no significant drop in performance. Advancing the injection timing to 29° BTDC with 230 bar injector opening pressure resulted in marginal increase in performance and reduction in Smoke levels by 0.4 Bosch Smoke Unit Number (BSN). NOx emissions were slightly higher than that of baseline. Drop in brake thermal efficiency and increase in smoke emission levels observed for the injector located nearer to intake valve. Performance and smoke levels are inferior to that of conventional baseline reading even after the injection timing advance. Increase of smoke by 1.6 Bosch Smoke Number (BSN) is observed at full load for the injection timing of 29° BTDC. Significant increase in Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide emissions were also observed. In general it is observed that the injector location nearer to the exhaust valve has a very good potential for reducing Oxides of Nitrogen emissions without affecting the performance.

In this paper, the laser beam welding is studied and Aluminium temperature field is gained in this process. The thermal effect of laser beam that specially depends on the laser type and temperature field of it in workpiece, is the main key of analysis and optimization of this process, from which the main goal of this paper has been defined. Utilizing laser as a method to join plastic components is growing in popularity. There are two laser welding mechanisms, keyhole mode and conduction mode. Keyhole welding is widely used because it produces welds with high aspect ratios and narrow heat affected zones. However keyhole welding can be unstable, as the keyhole oscillates and closes intermittently. This intermittent closure causes porosity due to gas entrapment. Conduction welding, on the other hand, is more stable since vaporisation is minimal and hence there is no further absorption below the surface of the material. Conduction welds are usually produced using low-power focused laser beams. This results in shallow welds with a low aspect ratio. In this work, high-power CO2 and YAG lasers have been used to produce laser conduction welds on 2mm and 3mm gauge AA5083 respectively by means of defocused beams. Full penetration butt-welds of and 3mm gauge AA508 using this process have been produced. It has been observed that in this regime the penetration depth increases initially up to a maximum and then decreases with increasing spot size.

This paper deals on flexural strength of RCC one way slabs using fly ash, silica fume and M-sand and steel fibre. One conventional reinforced concrete one way slab and Nine steel fibre reinforced concrete one way slabs with fly ash; silica fume and M sand are casted by changing the reinforcement ratio and thickness. The slabs are size of 1.2m x 0.4m. The slabs were tested under three point loading. The ultimate load carrying capacities of slabs are found out. The results shows that load carrying capacity of slabs are increased with increase of reinforcement percentage and thickness.

Different parts of Moringa oleifera shoot are reportedly useful for nutrition, medicine, water purification and as raw material for the industry. It is however hypothesized that the growth and mineral composition of Moringa could be affected by the medium in which it is growing. Consequently, a factorial experiment involving three pre-determined soil depths of 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm at four soil water levels: 100, 75, 50 and 25% Field Moisture Capacity (FMC ) was conducted in Ibadan, South western Nigeria, to investigate the effect of soil depth and water stress on the growth and mineral composition of Moringa shoot. The total N, C, P, K, Mg and Ca contained in the soil samples collected from the three soil depths were in the order of 0-15>15-30>30-45 cm. As a result, Moringa plants produced in the surface soil (0-15 cm) was superior in height; stem girth, number of leaves and dry matter yield irrespective of water- stress condition. Reduction in FMC from 100 to 50% did not significantly affect growth performance. Surface soil produced stems and leaves richer in mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Cu and Zn) than subsoil. Therefore, growing moringa on a fertile-soil is better for animal health.