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Comparative study of stress intensity factor (SIF) for modes I, II and III were investigated for some engineering materials. The materials are alumina, iron, mild steel, low carbon steel, stainless steel, concrete, silica glass and PVC. Special crack-tip element method was implemented to evaluate the stress intensity factor (SIF) for centre, single-edge and double-edge crack for various values of shear modulus and symmetric crack-tip element size. Different SIF for various modes were compared for these materials and the results from the plots show that low carbon steel for mode III and alumina for mode II have high resistance to crack-growth at 12.43 and 12.2 SIF, respectively between the bounds of shear modulus 1.39 and 2.23. Also alumina for mode I exhibited crack growth at 1.42 SIF and 1.15 bounds of shear modulus. Mode I for mild steel, iron and stainless steel exhibited crack-growth at 0.691 SIF and 1.08 bounds of shear modulus. Mode I is anomalous to crack-tip element size while modes II and III show exponential decay but with crack growth in concrete and abscissa to the coordinate of PVC.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease of unknown etiology and patients with symptomatic lesions usually require treatment. Topical corticosteroids are widely used as the first choice of treatment. Laser therapy is a new method of treatment for symptomatic, resistant oral lesions. CO2 lasers have been used to treat multi-centric lesions and lesions in difficult areas. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of CO2 laser therapy and compare them with topical corticosteroids in the treatment of symptomatic OLP. In this interventional clinical trial ,thirty-six patients with symptomatic OLP were randomly allocated into two groups. The experimental group consisted of patients treated with a CO2 laser and the control group consisted of patients who used a topical steroid, namely0.1% dexamethasone mouthwash. The laser group was treated withCO2 laser ablative therapy in2 consecutive sessions during one week, in which2-3mm of normal tissue bordering the lesion was ablated. The control group used the steroid mouthwash 3 times daily in affected sites for 4 weeks. The visual analogue scale (VAS) used for pain and discomfort evaluation. Clinical data and treatment responses were graded according to Thongprasom criteria. Patients underwent a follow-up 2 months after the last treatment session to assess for recurrence of lesions. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 15.Chi square tests and repeated measurement tests were used for analysis of appearance score, pain score, and lesion severity modification in this study. The laser group included 4 male and 14 female patients with a mean age of 45.89 years and the corticosteroid group consisted of 6 male and 12 female patients with a mean age of 47.68 years. Total of 112 oral lesion sites in both groups existed. The mean duration of lesion presence in the oral cavity was 5.67 months in the laser group and 5.53 months in the corticosteroid group. At the end of treatment, The mean VAS in the laser group was 4.83 ± 1.098 and in the corticosteroid group was 4.72 ± 1.32. The most common type of lesion according to the Thongprasom criteria had a score of 3 (white steria with atrophic area > 1cm2) in both groups. Chi square tests did not identify any difference between the two groups with respect to mean age and sex distribution (P value >0.05). Appearance scores, pain scores, and lesion severity were reduced in both groups after treatment according to repeated measurement tests, but no significant differences were found between the two groups .However , more accelerated pain reduction was found in the laser group, as indicated by the slope of the repeated measurement graph. No significant differences were observed across groups in terms of the response and relapse rates, according to the Mann-Whitney U test. (P value >.05). This study demonstrated that CO2 laser was as effective as topical corticosteroid therapy and it may be considered as an alternative treatment for symptomatic OLP in the future. Key words: oral lichen planus, CO2 laser, topical corticosteroid

The main purpose of this paper is to overview the goal and objectives of corporate governance from the theoretical perspective within the financial sector of Pakistan. This sector has experienced some high profile corporate scandals in all over the world, for example BCCI, Baring Bank, and Equitable life. The corporate governance structure set the rules and regulations for the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different stakeholders to avoid fraud. In this conceptual paper first the broad parameters of corporate governance are discussed, from a theoretical perspective, and specific characteristics are derived from theoretical knowledge that is applicable to financial services sector of Pakistan. Different issues are examined and the extent to which they have been addressed by contemporary academic or policy-related studies is considered. The main focus of this paper is banks. The key issue arising is the rapid changes brought about by globalization, deregulation and technological advances are increasing the risks in banking systems. External regulators, SECP, and auditors should play significant role to minimize these risk and should encourage sound governance practices. One avenue of future research would be to assess the effectiveness of compliance in the Pakistan; given that financial companies have obligations concerning code provisions. Some key issues pertaining to corporate governance in financial services are addressed, highlighting their significance to encourage further research by academic and practitioners in the field.

The desire to economize time and mental effort in an arithmetical computations and to eliminate human liability to error is probably as old as the science of arithmetic itself. This desire led us to the design of a calculator software to estimate the dominant eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvectors of an n x n matrix up to the tenth order. The method used in designing the software includes developing a Graphical User Interface (GUI) application with MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) using the Rapid Application Development (RAD). RAD is a software development methodology that involves methods like iteration development and software prototyping. This RAD is used to refactor our codes and amend the design should there be complaints from the users. The application software was tested to estimate the largest eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector of an n x n matrix using the power method with accuracy and reduced time.

We are very happy to announce that from 18th August 2012, Dr. Farhad Soleimanian Gharehchopogh has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Computer Engineering. Dr. Farhad Soleimanian Gharehchopogh is currently associated with Senior Lecturer in Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, West Azerbaijan, Iran. The appointment of Dr. Farhad Soleimanian Gharehchopogh as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 11th November 2013, Dr. Sardar Mohammadi has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Physical Education and Sport Science. Dr. Sardar Mohammadi is currently working as Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. The appointment of Dr. Sardar Mohammadi as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 20th August 2011, Dr.Ahmad Galadima has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Pure and Applied Chemistry. Dr.Ahmad Galadima is currently working at Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto-Nigeria. The appointment of Dr.Ahmad Galadima as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

A field experiment was carried out at Periyar EVR College, Tamil Nadu, India, in basic soil to study the nutrient availability and mulberry leaf quality. Three groups of mulberry plants of MR2 variety were bio-fertilized with Azospirillum, phosphobacteria and vermicompost respectively. Fourth group of mulberry plants were bio-fertilized with farm yard manure (FYM). The soil and leaves of four groups were analysed for their macronutrient and micronutrient content. The N, P and K content of vermicompost bio-fertilized soil was high 118.5 kg/ac, 4.26 kg/ac, and 178kg/ac respectively. The N, P and K content of vermicompost bio-fertilized mulberry leaves were high 0.89%, 0.54% and 3.48% respectively. The micronutrient like zinc, copper, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium also were found to be very high in vermicompost bio-fertilized soil and vermicompost bio-fertilized mulberry leaves. The results revealed that the nutrient availability in soil and mulberry leaf quality increased gradually in the order FYM bio-fertilized soil and mulberry leaves, Azospirillum bio-fertilized soil and mulberry leaves, phosphobacteria biofertilized soil and mulberry leaves and vermicompost bio-fertilized soil and mulberry leaves. It was clear that vermicompost is the best bio-fertilizer for mulberry plants. Among the four bio-fertilizer treatments, soil nutrient content, leaf quality traits of mulberry variety(MR2)& reeling performances of silkworms(LxNB4D2) were found to be improved by vermicompost bio-fertilizer. Thus this technology can be recommended to sericulture farmers.

Pure Nickel Oxide (NiO) nanoparticles and Lithium doped Nickel Oxide nanoparticles at two different concentrations 0.01M, 0.02M were synthesized through co-precipitation method. From XRD analysis it is observed that all the three samples exhibit FCC cubic structure and the incorporation of lithium decreases the crystallite size with increase in the Li doping concentration. Optical absorption spectra reveal that the energy gap increases from 3.8 eV to 3.98 eV with increasing lithium doping concentration. The Photoluminescence spectra show that the PL intensity increases with increase in lithium content. The SEM images clearly show an agglomeration of nanoparticles and snowflake-like morphology. Cyclic voltammetry characterization was carried out for all the three samples to study electrochemical activity. The magnetic property of the samples was studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).

This paper is intended the elastic scattering of an electron from the target by absorbing a photon from the laser field has been studied for the polarized potential. Since the solution of the Schro ?dinger equation of whole three-body system has not been found, we consider such intensities of electromagnetic field (Laser field) that the electron field coupling is the dominant process and the target is transparent to the field such that photon- target coupling can be ignored. Therefore the internal structure of target can be ignored and represented just as a scattering potential. For number of photon, l=-1 i.e, absorption of a photon (inverse Bremsstrahlung).The differential scattering cross section of an electron depends upon the fourth power of the wavelength (?^4) and the intensity of the Laser field. From this work we see that at certain values of laser parameters the differential scattering cross section of scattered electron decreases with increase in scattering angle and attains a minimum value of 0.1 barn and further increase in scattering angle also increases in differential scattering cross section and attains a maximum value of 0.3 barn.