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Applications of laser are becoming very important topic in the current research. A large number of applications are already done for the use of laser technology in agriculture. This technology has already proven to be a user-friendly as per the need of the situations. This technology is becoming a well known and acceptable technique to the farmers. Now it has also proven that this technology is no longer as costly and within the reach of a farmer for his specific requirements. Real-time control is becoming an integral part of modern machine systems for high-quality agricultural production. Maintaining consistently high-quality agricultural production, while keeping up with growing labor shortages is a challenge. Labor shortages and environmental constraints coupled with the reality of spatial variability of chemical and physical properties among and within agricultural production areas readily explain the migration toward real-time control of agricultural equipment. The paper aims to describe the major field of applications of laser technology in agriculture in the past time. This paper also presents a review of the most recent advances in the development of sensors and controllers for agricultural applications.

In this study a non–parametric method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied to analyze the energy efficiency and its optimization for garlic producers of Guilan province, Iran. The initial data were collected from 60 farmers using face-to-face questionnaire method in the villages of the Langroud city in the mentioned province. For garlic production processing, there was seven input energy (including human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, seed, biocides and farmyard manure) and one output energy (including garlic yield). For applying DEA method, we use of two methods covering CCR and BCC models. The results of these models indicated that 18 and 43 units was efficient as technical and pure technical efficiency, respectively. Also, the scale efficiency score of 18 units was one in the studied area. The average of technical, pure technical and scale efficiency scores was computed as 0.847, 0.940 and 0.896, respectively. Moreover, the total energy use can be reduced about 6552 MJ ha?1 comparing present condition (with 17.81% difference). The highest difference between optimum and present condition was found in diesel fuel and seed with 19.88% for both of them. The chemical fertilizers (with 46.83%) and diesel fuel (with 17.98%) had the highest share of total energy saving in garlic production by DEA approach, respectively.

This article discus a bout basic technologies which normally are used for different integration solutions and approaches to integrating data and information for enterprise information systems. In fact we are trying to find out the techniques that might be utilized in every solutions and approaches in order to integrate data and information from disparate sources this article discussing a bout basic and core technologies that work as hart of data integration solutions. This article contains eight sections and each section describes one technology. The eight basic technologies are included; Information Extraction, Data Cleansing, Extensible Markup Language (XML), Schema Matching, Schema Mapping, Schema Standards, Web Dynamic Technologies, Keyword Search.

Present research was designed to explore the causes of violence acts of children in school through case study approach. Due to the nature of the study qualitative research approach was used and case study method was employed to unravel various causes attached with violence acts of children. Cases for the study were selected from one of the government sector school of Islamabad. Present study explored various causes of violence acts of children which are mostly related with family status, environment and intellectual level of the students. Findings of the study will help teachers and school administration to understand individual differences and also help them how they deal with highly intelligent students and motivate them to use their energies in positive way.

The diversity of knowledge on the web has made determining communication patterns in the database and knowledge discovery among this mass of information an attractive target. The first step to achieve this goal is to classify web pages. The current machine learning techniques to classify content are initially discussed by flat and simple text documents and do not use structures such as links and headers discussed in the web optimally. Data mining is a set of techniques that allows a person to move beyond conventional data processing and help mining the information hidden in a massive volume of data. Today, in most organizations, data are collected and stored rapidly. However, using these data is not simple and they cannot be used as a single unit of the volume of data, so techniques they can be applied properly using a combination of statistics and computer science and the use of machine learning. However, in order to achieve a meaningful result of Web mining we need to have good data on our website, so effective management of Web data is crucial in web mining. The ultimate goal of this descriptive paper is that the organizations and small businesses could use data mining in their decisions and e-commerce as a future big business would enter into new future areas. There is a wide range of users considered for this technology, including for example research centers, companies operating in the field of web and database, analysts and managers of organizations, business, Web (search engines) and …

In Single Sign On (SSO) Systems clients are allowed to login into multiple websites using a single user id and password. In that case single sign on data distributor has given sensitive data to a set of supposedly trusted agents (third parties). Some of the data are leaked and found in an unauthorized place (e.g. on the web). The distributor must assess the likely hood that the leaked data came from one or more agents, as opposed to having been independently gathered by other means. This paper presents a novel approach for data allocation strategies (across the agents) that improve the probability of identifying leakages of user profile information’s. In some cases, we can also inject “realistic but fake” data records to further improve our chances of detecting leakage and identifying the guilty party.

Household Investment into energy efficient light bulbs is low in Nigeria despite its proven benefits. This paper seeks to examine the factors determining the decision of households to invest in Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and Incandescent bulbs. A multinomial logit model was used to estimate these determinants among 1,253 households in Kosofe and Ikorodu Local Government Areas of Lagos State. The model shows that household decision to invest in energy efficient CFLs is determined by factors such as household income, education level of the household head, presence of a technically skilled person in the household, use of prepaid meter, formally employed household head and male household head. Households that reside in tenement buildings are found to be less likely to invest in CFLs for lighting and number of bulbs in apartment was also found to reduce the odd in favour of investment in energy efficient bulbs. Awareness of energy saving benefits as a factor predicting investment was though found to increase the likelihood of investment in CFLs but not statistically significant. The paper recommends the promotion of energy efficient light bulbs in old buildings as recently built houses have been observed to be using them.

We are very happy to announce that from 28th January 2013, Dr. Ranjan Upadhyaya has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Marketing Management. Dr. Ranjan Upadhyaya is currently working as Professor Analytic & Acting Director for BABM curriculum for Cardiff Metropolitan University, London, U.K. The appointment of Dr. Ranjan Upadhyaya as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 11th November 2013, Dr. Talaghir Laurentiu-Gabriel has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Physical Education and Sport Economics. Dr. Talaghir Laurentiu-Gabriel is currently working as University Lecturer, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Garii Street, No. 62-64, Galati, Romania. The appointment of Dr. Talaghir Laurentiu-Gabriel as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

Shea butter is a vegetable fat of nutritional importance. This research work investigated on some minerals, vitamins, phytate and oxalate profiles of shea butters from fried, toasted, boiled and parboiled shea kernels. Minerals, vitamins and phytate and oxalate profiles of the shea butters were determined using standard methods. The method of heat treatment significantly influenced their distribution. Shea butters are minor sources of calcium (2.2×10-3 to 9.5×10-3mg/kg), magnesium (0.8×10-3 to7.9×10-3mg/kg), sodium (0.1×10-3 to 2.4×10-3mg/kg) and potassium (0.9×10-3 to 3.3×10-3mg/kg). The heat treatment methods did not destroy phytates and oxalates of shea butter. The shea butters have good arrays of vitamins.