Archives- 

In a mobile ad hoc network, the mobility and resource constraints of mobile nodes may lead to network partitioning or performance degradation. Several data replication techniques have been proposed to minimize performance degradation. Most of them assume that all mobile nodes collaborate fully in terms of sharing their memory space. In reality, however, some nodes may selfishly decide only to cooperate partially, or not at all, with other nodes. These selfish nodes could then reduce the overall data accessibility in the network. In this paper, the impact of selfish nodes in a mobile ad hoc network from the perspective of replica allocation is examined. A selfish node detection algorithm was developed that considers partial selfishness and novel replica allocation techniques to properly cope with selfish replica allocation. The conducted simulations demonstrate the proposed approach outperforms traditional cooperative replica allocation techniques in terms of data accessibility, communication cost and average query delay.

Two thousand three hundred and seven fish specimens sampled from Nwaniba (Ikpa River) for 12 calendar months (March 2009 – February 2010) comprised 11 orders, 34 families, 59 genera and 136 species. There was temporal and seasonal significant differences (P<0.05) between number and species of fish caught. The mean annual Index of Preponderance (IP %) values ranged from 0.01 in Brienomyrus brachyistus and Periophthalmus barbarus to 4.24% in Oreochromis niloticus. Mean monthly occurrence shows highest in August (536; 23.23%) and lowest in June (47; 2.03%). The contributions of the fish orders in theirdescending order of abundance are as follow: Siluriformes (1072; 46.47%), Ophiocephaliformes (626; 27.13%), Characiformes (264; 11.44%), Mormyriformes (159; 6.89%), Clupeiformes (87; 3.77%), Cypriniformes (40; 1.73%), Gonorhynchiformes (33; 1.43%), Osteoglossiformes (13; 0.56%), Elopiformes (9; 0.39%), Pleuronectiformes (3; 0.13%) and Perciformes (1; 0.04%). The most abundant family and species in terms of number are Schilbeidae (646; 28.00%) and Parailia pellucida (577; 25.01%) while the least are Scaenidae, Soleidae and Sphyraenidae (1; 0.04%). The most abundant family in terms of species is Mormyridae (17) and the least are 9 families with only species. Relative abundance is higher during the wet season (105 species; 77.77%) than dry season (93 species; 68.88%). The largest fish size in terms of length is recorded in Chrysichthys aluuensis (45.60cmTLmax; 18.40±9.0cm) while the smallest individual is Parailia pellucida (1.10cmTLmin; 7.50±1.20cm). The overall weightiest fish is also Mugil cephalus with a total weight of 662.80gWTmax; 54.42±16.75 while the lightest individuals are Parailia pellucida and Eutropius buffei (1.00gTWmin). Previous results differ from these; which may be occasioned by the human anthropogenic perturbations which are on-going in the river system, thus leading to environmental degradation. Hence, recommendations are proffered.

A simple, accurate, rapid and precise isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Amlodipine, Atenolol and Hydrochlorothiazide in capsules. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an cosmosil packed column 5C18-MS-I I analytical column (250×4.6 mm; 5 ?m) with a mixture of Phosphate buffer:Acetonitrile:Methanol pH 6 adjusted with Ortho phosphoric acid (30:20:50, v/v) as mobile phase; at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. UV detection was performed at 240nm. The retention times were 2.637, 3.148 and 8.492min. for Hydrochlorothiazide, Atenolol and Amlodipine respectively. Calibration plots e linear (r2>0.998) over the concentration range 2-12µg/ml for Amlodipine , 10-60?g/ml Atenolol and 2-12µg/ml for Hydrochlorothiazide. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, and sensitivity. The proposed method was successfully used for quantitative analysis of capsules. No interference from any component of pharmaceutical dosage form was observed. Validation studies revealed that method is specific, rapid, reliable, and reproducible. The high recovery and low relative standard deviation confirm the suitability of the method for routine determination of Hydrochlorothiazide, Amlodipine and Atenolol in bulk drug and capsule dosage form.

PbS_xO_1-x (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) nanocomposites were prepared by the microwave assisted solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven for the first time. The yield percentage and the preparation time were noted. The samples were annealed at 200 ^oC for 1 hr to improve the ordering.  Grain sizes and lattice parameters were determined by carrying out X-ray powder diffraction measurements. AC and DC electrical measurements were carried out on palletised samples at various temperatures ranging from 40-150 ^oC.  Results of the present study reveal that the space charge contribution plays a significant role in the charge transport process and polarizability in all the seven nanocrystals studied. The electrical parameters increase with increasing temperature. Results of the present study reveal that the space charge contribution plays a significant role in the charge transport process and polarizability in all the seven nanocrystals studied.

The present work is concerned with the synthesis and the structural elucidation of the two ligands, viz., 2-thio picolinamide (TPA) and 2-N-benzyl TPA. The isolated solid complexes are subjected to characterised by Wet chemical analysis (N, S, metal), Conductivity measurements, Infrared including far infrared spectral measurements and H¹ NMR, and Mass spectral measurements.

4-chloroaniline reacts with 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanone in presence of 1-napthonicacid and copper metal as a catalyst gives 1-(4-(4-aminophenoxy) phenyl)ethanone, which on further condensation with 4-nitrotoluene-2-sulfonyl chloride gives N-(4-(4-acetylphenoxy)phenyl)-2-methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulphonamide. This derivative react wit various substituted aldehydes to give corresponding substituted chalcone derivatives (N-1). Now these derivative (N-1) on condensation with NH2CONH2 in presence of dilute HCl gives2-methyl-5-nitro-N-(4-(3-(2-oxo-6-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4yl) phenoxy)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide (N-2). Structure elucidation of synthesized compounds has been made on the basis of the elemental analysis, 1H NMR spectral studies. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compound has been studied against the species Bacillus subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi.

Fast strides are being taken by the pharmaceutical industries and the academics the world over, in research related to recent advances in designing of static diffusion cells to assure batch-to-batch drug release equivalence for semisolid dosage forms and to facilitate an easy performance of quality control tests for semisolids dosage forms. Till today, there are no pharmacopoeial methods recommended to carry out in vitro release tests for semisolid dosage forms and about selection of diffusion cells. Majority of published transport studies, particularly for skin permeation, involves the use of FDC (Franz diffusion cell). Franz diffusion cell is the only existing device recommended both by FDA (Food and drug administration) and OECD (Organization for economic co-operation and development). Unfortunately this device suffers from several limitations such as formation of air bubbles, limited receptor compartment volume, laborious and large variation among experiments. To overcome the above limitations of Franz diffusion cell, several novel diffusional cells were invented like modified Franz diffusion cells, Keshary-Hein cell, Enhancer cell, United States of Pharmacopeia (USP) - 5, 6, 7 apparatus, automatic sampling Kelder cell, Insertion cell and Plexiglas cells etc., but each invented novel diffusion cell encountered other limitations. So until date, there is no widely accepted static diffusion cell recommended by any Pharmacopeias. The primary focus of this review makes an effort to compile some of the related recent findings and highlight some of the major issues related to various diffusion cells developed till today, their comparative assets and limitations.

The present study investigated the correlation between willingness to communicate (WTC) in Persian and WTC in English, Perceived Communication Competence in Persian and Perceived Communication Competence in English to see whether students with high willingness to Communicate (WTC) and Perceived Communication Competence in Persian have high willingness to Communicate (WTC) and Perceived Communication Competence in English, too, or not. Correlation analysis in this study indicated that when perceived communication competence in Persian increases, perceived communication competence in English increases, too, and vice versa. In addition, by the increase in willingness to communicate in Persian the willingness to communicate in English will increase, too, and there is a direct relationship between them.

The research study attempts to focus on the general attitudes that consumers tend to form towards advertising based on its three primary determinants of product information, social integration and hedonism. The literature starts by defining what attitudes actually are and their role in inclining people towards the desired products and services. It then highlights the ABC model of attitudes by focusing on the interrelationships among feeling, knowing and doing. Moving on with the research study, attitude towards advertisements accompanied by optimum advertising has also been described. The optimal distribution of resources between the various elements of the marketing mix tools remains a significant issue relevant to both the practitioners and academics. In factual terms, the issues crowding advertising and sales promotion spending continue to attract considerable managerial attention. Giving an ending note to the literature review, the significance of mass media advertising comprising of its primary determinants have been comprehensively described. In this research study, Statistical Package for the Social Science 20.0 was applied. Being an effective tool for performing quantitative research, it is quite easy to use and serves as a good starting point to adapt to advanced statistical packages. The results clearly pin point, that the independent variables of product information, social affiliation and hedonism have a positive impact on the general attitude development of the consumer towards advertising. The strongest positive correlation was against hedonism indicating that the emotional and excitement appeals play a major role in influencing consumers to be exposed to mass media promotional tools. Regression analysis was also applied to evaluate the relationship between one dependent variable and one or more independent variables, which indicated that the predictors explained the dependent variable of attitude towards advertising by 73%. Overall the results of the study truly supported our three hypotheses which show that as time passes by, the role of mass media advertising will play a major role in influencing potential consumer’s attitudes towards the advertised product and services.

The concept of smart grid is a promising issue in the field of energy management. There are lots of researches going on different aspect of this system. One of the major topics that is involved in this concept is the communication constraints. In this paper we have analyzed few aspects of smart grid system. The main focus is on the communication technologies and their threats along with solutions. We have considered different literatures to investigate the overall concept of smart grid and prepared a review on the topic.