Social Studies

The aim of this study is to Study of social and economical consequences of unemployment in province Illam in year 2006.In this study, research method used is causal or after coming one. Statistical society in this study is all unemployed persons from Illam in year 2006.that are 8844according to statistics of census. Statistical sample in this study is containing of 450unemploymentployed ones from Illam in year 2006 who are randomly selected and are given questionnaire. Device used in this study is questionnaire. There are 4 assumptions in research that are analyzed by using statistical method of correlation. Findings show that unemployment cause to increase marriage age and finally delay marriage. There is a meaningful relation between unemployment and family conflicts. There is a meaningful relation between unemployment and social deviations and damages. But there is meaningful relation between unemployment and family conflicts. There is meaningful relation between unemployment and migration.

Individual differences, attitude toward cultural perspectives of the target language community being its most significant aspect, are assumed to play a crucial role in the development of pragmatic competence. To investigate this issue, this study attempted to assess the relationship between integrative attitude and pragmatic comprehension. A multiple choice pragmatic listening test and a Likert-scaled attitude questionnaire were used to collect data from 63 undergraduate students of Teaching English as a Foreign Language at three universities in Iran. The findings suggested that integrative attitude has a significant effect on pragmatic comprehension. Therefore, it was recommended to complement classroom instructions with popular cultural perspectives of the target language community.

The dowry, this customary institution, was certainly misunderstood by the authors of the written law. The interpretations flow from it and the decision to integrate it or not into positive law falls under the sovereignty of each State. However, it is asked to those who made a condition of the marriage (1), to be able to control overflows of speculation to avoid falling through the tarification. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa), it is mainly about goats, cows in number apparently exaggerated. The bill presented by the family-in-law to their future son-in-law is often inflated as marriage takes a long time to come to fruition and this state of affairs discourages many marriage candidates. Hence the phenomenon of ''Yaka tovanda'' (come and stay together.) Failing the dowry or dragging, the divorce quickly arrived.1This is the case in the DRC: Family Code, Law No. 16/008 of 15 July 2016 amending and supplementing Law No. 87-010 of 1 August 1987 on the Family Code. The future spouse and his family must agree with the parents of the future wife of a gift of property and / or money that constitute the dowry for the benefit of the parents of the future wife. Marriage can only be celebrated if the dowry has actually been

The Bas-Uélé Province is entirely agricultural, the crops grown in the past were peanuts, cotton and coffee. Currently, the food crops grown cannot alone solve the problem of poverty from which the population suffers. It is therefore time to think about introducing cash crops, especially cocoa from the Bambesa Territory.This part of the study which consisted in evaluating the phenological behavior of the cultivars of Yangambi showed that the cocoa tree can be cultivated in the pedoclimatic conditions of Bambesa: All the three hybrids introduced in Bambesa behaved well and can be disseminated as for their behavior thus their capacity of adaptation.

Awqaf, guilds, madrasas, and Sufi orders were significant in the creation of civil societies in Islam since the first century A.H. Awqaf in particular, fostered bonds of social connection among members of different backgrounds giving rise to autonomous groups that political authorities always viewed with mistrust leading to protracted tussles between them. This paper contextualizes the ambiguities between the civil society and the political authorities through the prism of awqaf in Kenya. The change to other forms of charities illustrates the dynamics of endowments in Islam and the urge to guard the autonomy of civil groups in the public sphere.

Indigenous knowledge in community based early warning systems is essential for drought monitoring and management. In remote areas, modern technologies for early warning are rare thus indigenous knowledge based hazard monitoring systems are commonly used. This promotes a more effective methodology of disaster management in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Northern Kenya. Communities living in the northern part of Kenya have a wealth of indigenous knowledge passed down from generations and is internalised by the communities through a process of socialisation as part of their lifestyles. Most of this knowledge is not documented and is overlooked whereas this community based practices exhibit a deep understanding and ability to cope with disasters through local actions. This creates a firm basis for assessing indigenous Knowledge (IK) for early warning for Turkana nation and adaptive strategies therein. Descriptive survey research design was used in the study. A population sample size of 902 persons was chosen using the simple random sampling technique. A study sample size was taken at 95% level of confidence. More emphasis was placed in people over the age of 60 years who were able to recall trends of drought occurrences over the study period. The data collection instruments applied included questionnaires, observation checklists and interview guides. The findings of the study showed that indigenous knowledge was invaluable if accurate and reliable drought prediction was to be achieved, hence the need for adoption of this indigenous method for early warning system. Cooperation among the local people in drought forecast improve ownership of findings hence ability to forge sustainable drought mitigation and prevention efforts. The study recommends that there is an urgent need to recognize indigenous knowledge in planning and decision making in relation to matters of drought prediction.

Summary The forestry regime aims at promoting the rational and sustainable management of resources in order to increase their contribution to the economic, social and cultural development of present generations, while preserving forest ecosystems and forest biodiversity for future generations. It was with this in mind that the legislator promulgated the decree of 4 April 1934, the first legal instrument on forestry adopted by the Belgian Parliament. Two years later, the decree of 13 June 1936 was added to the list and attempted to put all indigenous people on an equal footing with regard to forest access and use rights. After the Second World War, the decree of 11 April 1949 on forests had data of an economic nature that obliged the colonial authorities to adapt the forestry legislation. Over the years, the decree became obsolete, ineffective and unsuited to the political, economic, social and especially the global and sub-regional environment. In the same vein, law n°011/2002 of 29 August 2002 on the forestry code is the basic legislative text that regulates forestry management in the DRC. This law wipes out the existing texts, inherited from the colonial period, in order to meet the new socio-economic objectives that the State has assigned to the management of the forest estate. The results of our investigations in Basoko Territory confirm the marginalisation of local communities. On the one hand, they are not involved in the process because their specifications are very often not followed up. On the other hand, local communities are not involved in the management of industrial exploitation at the decision-making level.

According to the United Nations, there were approximately 4.854 million international students registered around the world in 2016. While the mentioned figure was equal to 3.961 million in 2011 [1]. Educational migration is an increasing trend, which brings various benefits to the host countries. Georgia began attracting foreign youth representatives as soon as it started experiencing optimistic economic trends. The growing number of foreign students has had a noticeable, positive impact on the economy and thus, has become a subject of discussion in the society. The present article is dedicated to discussing general characteristics of Georgian immigration profile (such as statistics concerning immigrants) and observing details of students' migration to the mentioned state. Additionally, the work examines diverse recommendations that could increase the number of prospective international students in the country. Analyzing some aspects of the youth immigration to Georgia is a safe mean of acknowledging the realities of Georgian educational sector and finding prospects of further development. Due to the importance of the theme, the article discusses some of the relevant recent researches and statistical data that have been published by various international and local, Georgian institutions.

The desire for political power leads people into politics. Many people come to power in order to influence the formulation and implementation of economic and political ideas which they believe will solve the problems bedeviling their nations. In providing political leadership, use of language is of utmost importance because it facilitates the execution of many political actions. This paper discusses political discourse by examining the inaugural addresses of Presidents J. F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon. Inaugurals usually point towards the policy directions of newly inaugurated leaders. The position of the United States of America as a very strong political and economic power makes the speeches of its president incontrovertibly significant. This paper aims at examining the rhetorical strategies of the two presidents whose ideologies are anything but identical.

Improving tomato production is one of the important greatest challenges facing Nigeria government today. Since tomato is an important fruit crop for the country and for individual households, it has important implications for livelihood of rural people. In order to achieve this, several interventions in the sector were done in an attempt to improve production. The study analyzes the tomato production from year 1981-2017. The study was carried out to examine the trend in tomato production and importation, the determinant of tomato production and the effect of tomato import on it producer in Nigeria. Secondary data obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistics and Food and Agricultural Organization were used for the study. Dickey-Fuller unit root test and Co-integration test were employed to analyze the data collected. The result showed that the time series used for the study are all stationary at first difference. The result of co-integration test in the short-run Error Correction Model (ECM) estimation at 1 lag length shows that Agricultural labour, local tomato price and rainfall are significant to tomato production. The result of the long-run ECM estimation shows that Agricultural labour, local tomato price and rainfall are significant to tomato production. The result of the trend local tomato price showed it was stationary at first difference and also positively significant to tomato production at both short-run and long-run ECM estimation which indicates that local tomato price time trend has being favourable for tomato production. Result of the trend of agriculture labour showed that it was stationary at first difference and positively significant in the short-run and positively in the long-run ECM estimation to tomato production which indicates that agricultural labour time trend is inversely related to tomato production. All this can be due to the country not depending on importation of agricultural produce, food production through agriculture to the masses by the government within the country, implying that the government support production and more exportation resulting in an government increasing revenue. It is therefore concluded that more agricultural produce should be produce in the country to control importation.