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The Pressure-Volume-temperature(P-V-T) relation using non inverted equation of state (EOS) viz. Murnaghan EOS, Usual-Tait EOS, Vinet EOS, Born-Mayer EOS, Birch EOS, Kumar EOS, Shanker EOS, Brennan Stacey EOS, Poirier- Tarantola EOS, Universal EOS and Freund & Ingalls EOS for NaCl-CsCl type crystals has been studied. It is found that except Murnaghan EOS, Brennan-Stacey EOS and Poirier Tarantola EOS all other EOS gives close agreement with each other even at high compression ranges. Also another remarkable characteristic observed when the value of compression decreases from 0.5 the variation in value of pressure as calculated by different EOS increases.

Nestle is one of the world’s largest and most prominent food companies. Headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, it was established in 1866 by Henri Nestle. In this article the authors attempted to identify the various problems encountered by the Nestle dealer and to ascertain the group of (based on product variants) worst affected by such problems.

As part of the nuclear power project envisaged during the period of the first republic, attempts have been made to prospect for uranium as raw material for the nuclear reactor. The Biakpa area in the Volta region had been known by the indigenes to be a potential source of this raw material. A field survey had been carried out using a Fieldspec radiation survey meter and the uranium content of some rock samples taken from the area has been determined. The uranium content determined by comparison with an IAEA uranium standard S-13 lot 370 using the track etch technique gave a mean value of 0.018%. The dose rate obtained during the survey ranged from 1.22 - 2.25 µSv/h.

We are very happy to announce that from 16th June 2012, Prof.Bensafi Abd-El-Hamid has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Physical Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. Prof.Bensafi Abd-El-Hamid is currently associated with Department of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Abou Bekr Belkaid University of Tlemcen, P.O. Box 119, Chetouane, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria. The appointment of Prof. Bensafi Abd-El-Hamid as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

Nigeria accounts for about 16% of the Shell’s global oil business ventures, and about 7% of total profits. Shell has come across a wide range of sustainable development issues throughout its operations. Against this background, this study examines the performance (environmental and social) and efforts by Shell Nigeria in moving their operations in the way that promotes sustainability; and also looks into the hindrances to implementation of the practice of sustainability. The operational data and the company statements were used to access and explain the company’s approach to sustainability. Shell’s progress in this approach was evaluated and its performance were analysed from data on its social and environmental reports for seven years (2005 to 2011). The general approach of Shell indicates that it understands sustainability issues fronting it and the actions required to improve sustainable performance. Despite Shell’s good progress in social and environmental performance over the years, as expressed in their annual sustainability reports, there still exist some challenges and worries particularly in the areas of oil spills, gas flaring and security in the Niger Delta. Among other obstacles, the operational spills in Nigeria have no significant environmental improvement over the years, and have contributed to the volume of global operational spills in Shell. It claims that 72% volume of the spills is from sabotage and theft, and the remaining percentage is due to its own operational failures and ageing facilities; but its 2011 report shows an outrageous oil spill due to its operations over the sabotage spill. Shell is encouraged to target long-term performance in sustainable development that is robust across economic, social, environmental and political spheres in Nigeria.

Proton (¹H), proton decouple phosphorus (¹H{³¹P}), and phosphorus decouple proton (³¹P{¹H}) NMR  of propyl isopropylphosphonofluoridate in an environment of water have been produced and resonances peaks obtained have been assigned. The ³¹P{¹H} spectrum of the chemical gave two resonances peaks with chemical shifts at 28.505 and 34.129 ppm, which is an indication that propyl isopropylphosphonofluoridate has undergone degradation to produce two phosphorus containing chemicals. This does not come as surprise, since in water propyl isopropylphosphonofluoridate undergoes hydrolysis to produce to two chemicals, propyl isopropylphosphonate and isopropylphosphonic acid. The resonances at 28.505 and 34.129 ppm are assigned to isopropylphosphonic acid and propyl isopropylphosphonate respectively. The ¹H and the corresponding ¹H{³¹P}NMR of propyl isopropylphosphonate produced five resonances peaks in the NMR spectral. These resonances are consistent with the structure of propyl isopropylphosphonate. The ¹H and ¹H{³¹P} spectral of isopropylphosphonic acid also produced two resonances peaks with chemical shifts at 1.03 and 1.75 ppm respectively which is consistent with the structure.

Our research found that prenatal alcoholism leads to increase of NO induction and nitrosine stress in the brain of newborn rats, evidenced by the increasing of nitrotyrosine in citosole and mitochondria. By adjusting the ratio of mitochondrial/cytosole concentrations of NO and reactive oxygen forms, cerebrocurin and tiocetam limited the effect of these compounds on the activation or deprivation of the processes of gene expression, transcription and translation in neuronal cells of brain of animals that survived the prenatal alcoholism and, thus, may provide the normal development of the cognitive functions of central nervous system. And increased expression of the protein bcl-2 in the group of animals receiving cerebrocurin and tiocetam, testifies to the activation of antiapoptosis protection of damaged neurons.

The present study was designed to investigate the school teachers’ awareness towards Individual differences at primary level, study also intends to compare the awareness of individual differences among government and private teachers at primary level. Due to limited time available for study, only 24 primary schools were randomly selected for the purpose of collecting data. 120 teachers from these schools were randomly selected a sample for study. A questionnaire was constructed for teachers which included 30 items, data was collected through personal visits of the schools. Data was analyzed in the light of objectives through two-way chi-square. Private school teachers are aware of the concept of individual differences as compared to government school teachers. In private sector school teachers respect individual differences in their classes as compared to government sector school teachers.

A novel and selective method for the fast determination of trace amounts of Co(II) ions in water samples has been developed. The procedure is based on the selective formation of Co(II) ions using mesoporous organo-silicas mesoporous silica at different pH followed by elution with organic eluents and determination by atomic absorption spectrometry The preconcentration factor was 100 (1 ml elution volume) for a 100 ml sample volume. The limit of detection of the proposed method is 1.0 ng ml?1. The maximum sorption capacity of sorbent under optimum conditions has been found to be 5mg of Co per gram of sorbent. The relative standard deviation under optimum conditions was 3.0% (n = 10). Accuracy and application of the method was estimated by using test samples of natural and synthetic water spiked with different amounts of Co(II) ion.